{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:05:22Z","timestamp":1790665522156,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Extensive and long-term insecticide use has led to the development of resistance in mosquito vectors, underscoring the need for novel insecticidal molecules and integrated, multifaceted strategies that simultaneously target both the vector and the parasite. In line with this, we evaluated the potential of a lipophilic drug triclosan, as a contact-mediated inhibitor to block the development of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasite within the malaria vector,\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Molecular docking and simulations identified the potential of triclosan to interact with the ookinete surface proteins of the\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Intrinsic toxicity of triclosan was first established on both larval and adult stages of laboratory reared\n                      <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      through oral feeding and contact exposure (topical application and bottle bio-assay) in terms of survival and\/or fecundity and egg hatchability. The transmission blocking potential of triclosan was initially tested\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      using exflagellation assays and ookinete development assays. Finally, studies with\n                      <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                      challenged mosquitoes were done to check the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission blocking activity of triclosan through bottle bioassays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Docking and simulations showed stable binding of triclosan to\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ookinete surface proteins. Contact exposure of triclosan was non-toxic for adult mosquitoes. However, parasite development was markedly affected. We observed a concentration dependent reduction in exflagellation centers and ookinete formation with increasing concentrations of triclosan compared to the control group. However, at 70 \u03bcM concentration, a significant reduction of 87% in exflagellation centers was observed. There was a substantial reduction in ookinete formation; at 50 \u03bcM, it was 97.7%, while at 70 \u03bcM, the reduction reached 99%.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , triclosan exposure resulted in a substantial decrease in oocyst development, with reductions of up to 86% at higher concentrations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate triclosan as a contact-mediated anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      agent that disrupts parasite development within the mosquito vector, underscoring its potential as a novel vector-targeted transmission blocking intervention against malaria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:50:59Z","timestamp":1790661059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contact-mediated triclosan delivery for transmission blocking of Plasmodium in Anopheles stephensi"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Jeena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Genomics, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)","place":["Dwarka, New Delhi, India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)","place":["Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Genomics, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)","place":["Dwarka, New Delhi, India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)","place":["Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharti","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Genomics, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)","place":["Dwarka, New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Lata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Genomics, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)","place":["Dwarka, New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lipun Kumar","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Genomics, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)","place":["Dwarka, New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamini","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Genomics, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)","place":["Dwarka, New Delhi, India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)","place":["Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaganpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Multani Mal Modi College, Punjabi University","place":["Patiala, Punjab, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishali","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Genomics, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)","place":["Dwarka, New Delhi, India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)","place":["Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailash C.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Genomics, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)","place":["Dwarka, New Delhi, India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)","place":["Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Pasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaspreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Genomics, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)","place":["Dwarka, New Delhi, India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)","place":["Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02319-4","article-title":"Efficacy of pyriproxyfen-pyrethroid long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid LLINs compared with pyrethroid-only LLINs for malaria control in Benin: a cluster-randomised, superiority trial","volume":"401","author":"Accrombessi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.02.006","article-title":"Influence of the mixtures composed of slow-release insecticide formulations against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae reared in pond water","volume":"24","author":"Alkenani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-4-15","article-title":"Do malaria ookinete surface proteins P25 and P28 mediate parasite entry into mosquito midgut epithelial cells?","volume":"4","author":"Baton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19549-x","article-title":"Plasmodium dihydrofolate reductase is a second enzyme target for the antimalarial action of triclosan","volume":"8","author":"Bilsland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001169","article-title":"The activities of current antimalarial drugs on the life cycle stages of Plasmodium: a comparative study with human and rodent parasites","volume":"9","author":"Delves","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200513","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760200513","article-title":"Transmission-blocking compound candidates against Plasmodium vivax using P. berghei as an initial screening","volume":"116","author":"Fabbri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1370","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00369-7","article-title":"Insecticide resistance and ITNs in India","volume":"9","author":"Faizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2025.05.005","article-title":"Identifying antimalarials that disrupt malaria parasite transmission when fed to the mosquito","volume":"55","author":"Farrell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2307\/3283831","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of the anti-malarial atovaquone (566C80) against ookinetes, oocysts, and sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei","volume":"81","author":"Fowler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5921","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6921","article-title":"Antibiotics in ingested human blood affect the mosquito microbiota and capacity to transmit malaria","volume":"6","author":"Gendrin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011084","article-title":"Intervention reducing malaria parasite load in vector mosquitoes: no impact on Plasmodium falciparum extrinsic incubation period and survival of Anopheles gambiae","volume":"19","author":"Guissou","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Common Protocol for Uniform Evaluation of Public Health Pesticides for use in Vector Control, 3rd Edn\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22060-9","article-title":"Contact exposure to ivermectin induces acute mortality and inhibits parasite development in malaria vectors","volume":"15","author":"Jeena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5180","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8245","article-title":"Polyols induce acute oxidative stress and mortality in Indian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae): potential for use as sugar-cum-toxin source in toxic sugar baits","volume":"80","author":"Jeena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20040302","article-title":"Mutational analysis of the triclosan-binding region of enoyl-ACP (acyl-carrier protein) reductase from Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"381","author":"Kapoor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2811-1","article-title":"Impact of combining indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets on Anopheles arabiensis in Ethiopia: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Kenea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000342","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000342","article-title":"Addressing challenges in vector control: a review of current strategies and the imperative for novel tools in India's combat against vector-borne diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.345939","article-title":"Hurdles in achieving the goal of malaria elimination by India","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7217","article-title":"Potential of ivermectin as an active ingredient of the attractive toxic sugar baits against the Indian malaria vectors Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi","volume":"79","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-211","article-title":"Larvicidal effect of disinfectant soap on Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory and semifield environments","volume":"7","author":"Mdoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1605","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00216-5","article-title":"Efficacy of non-pyrethroid indoor residual spraying or intensive behaviour change communication in combination with long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria control in West Africa: a pragmatic, cluster-randomised, controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Moiroux","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0890-1","article-title":"A new class of insecticide for malaria vector control: evaluation of mosquito nets treated singly with indoxacarb (oxadiazine) or with a pyrethroid mixture against Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"14","author":"Oxborough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0973-1","article-title":"Exposing Anopheles mosquitoes to antimalarials blocks Plasmodium parasite transmission","volume":"567","author":"Paton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11902","article-title":"Insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in the malaria endemic states of India: implications and way forward for malaria elimination","volume":"8","author":"Raghavendra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2784-x","article-title":"The tripartite interactions between the mosquito, its microbiota and Plasmodium","volume":"11","author":"Romoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00060-07","article-title":"Plasmodium p25 and p28 surface proteins: potential transmission-blocking vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Saxena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060735","article-title":"Triclosan: a small molecule with controversial roles","volume":"11","author":"Sinicropi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276130597","article-title":"The Plasmodium bottleneck: malaria parasite losses in the mosquito vector","volume":"109","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/84612","article-title":"Triclosan offers protection against blood stages of malaria by inhibiting enoyl-ACP reductase of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"7","author":"Surolia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602055","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2025.1602055","article-title":"Panoramic view of diversity and function of cuticular proteins in insects and mosquitoes biology","volume":"5","author":"Thakur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Insect Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3975","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.15.3975","article-title":"P25 and P28 proteins of the malaria ookinete surface have multiple and partially redundant functions","volume":"20","author":"Tomas","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12092","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of synthetic disinfectants and antibacterial soaps against mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"50","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144170","article-title":"Exploring the multilevel effects of triclosan from development, reproduction to behavior using Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"762","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927723\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:41:28Z","timestamp":1790664088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927723\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927723","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"article-number":"1927723"}}