{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:25:17Z","timestamp":1787034317911,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrovascular disease is increasingly being examined in relation to the gut microbiome, but the field has not advanced evenly across disease phenotypes. A central challenge is to distinguish broad dysbiosis-based associations from microbial functions, host-facing metabolites, epithelial barrier injury, and immune pathways that may plausibly influence neurovascular vulnerability or recovery. This distinction is particularly important because cerebral small vessel disease, acute ischemic stroke, and intracerebral hemorrhage differ in time scale, vascular pathology, clinical exposure, and available microbiome evidence. This review evaluates gut microbiome\u2013immune\u2013metabolic mechanisms across these cerebrovascular contexts with a focus on microbial ecology, intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbial translocation, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), bile acid derivatives, tryptophan-linked metabolites, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-related inflammatory signaling, and emerging multi-kingdom signals, including the gut virome and mycobiome. Current evidence is most convincing in acute ischemic stroke, where human cohort studies and experimental perturbation models link microbiome disruption, microbial metabolites, immune programming, and functional outcome. Evidence for imaging-defined cerebral small vessel disease remains more limited and is largely cross-sectional, whereas intracerebral hemorrhage is an emerging but mechanistically distinct domain. Virome- and mycobiome-related mechanisms remain exploratory and require longitudinal, multi-omics, and perturbation-based validation. This review argues that cerebrovascular microbiome research should move beyond taxonomic association toward time-resolved microbial function, host-facing metabolites, disease-specific host\u2013microbe interfaces, and experimentally testable mechanisms. Candidate microbiome-directed interventions\u2014including dietary, prebiotic, probiotic, postbiotic, fecal microbiota transplantation, defined microbial consortia, metabolite-targeted, and phage-based approaches\u2014remain investigational. Their translation will require disease- and time-window-specific evaluation of biological target engagement, safety, and clinically meaningful outcomes. Longitudinal multi-omics cohorts, disease-specific models, and careful control of diet, antibiotics, vascular medications, hospitalization, and frailty will be essential for determining which gut microbiome-related pathways are causal, context-specific, modifiable, and therapeutically actionable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:36:58Z","timestamp":1787031418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut microbiome\u2013immune\u2013metabolic mechanisms in cerebrovascular disease: evidence-graded insights from cerebral small vessel disease, ischemic stroke, and intracerebral hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chunna","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical School, Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]},{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxia","family":"Xiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical School, Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]},{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical School, Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]},{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical School, Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hezhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical School, Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daqing People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Daqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daqing People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Daqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feipeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University","place":["Mudanjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102878","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2102878","article-title":"Microbiota-derived metabolites as drivers of gut-brain communication","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4068","article-title":"Commensal microbiota affects ischemic stroke outcome by regulating intestinal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells","volume":"22","author":"Benakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2024.06.028","article-title":"Elevated lipopolysaccharide level is largely driven by time since symptom onset in acute ischemic stroke: the impact on clinical outcomes","volume":"22","author":"B\u0142a\u017c","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263ra158","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood\u2013brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","author":"Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221107702","article-title":"Gut virome dysbiosis following focal cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"42","author":"Chelluboina","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2023-002692","article-title":"Gut microbiome and stroke: a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study in east Asian and European populations","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc. Neurol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00131-X","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease\u2014advances since 2013","volume":"22","author":"Duering","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5186","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.10.5186-5190.2002","article-title":"Acetate utilization and butyryl coenzyme a (CoA):acetate-CoA transferase in butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine","volume":"68","author":"Duncan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40872-5","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease burden is associated with decreased abundance of gut Barnesiella intestinihominis bacterium in the Framingham heart study","volume":"13","author":"Fongang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01385","article-title":"Aged gut microbiota contributes to systemical inflammaging after transfer to germ-free mice","volume":"8","author":"Fransen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04567-7","article-title":"Environmental factors shaping the gut microbiome in a Dutch population","volume":"604","author":"Gacesa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03615-9","article-title":"Clinical translation of microbiome research","volume":"31","author":"Gilbert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03689-9","article-title":"Targeting the intestinal TLR4-GABAA axis to promote stroke recovery","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.04.024","article-title":"A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study of gut microbiota and cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"154","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108001","article-title":"Gut microbiome variation in patients with early-stage mild-to-moderate intracerebral hemorrhage: a pilot study exploring therapeutic targets","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0029-9","article-title":"Best practices for analysing microbiomes","volume":"16","author":"Knight","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e033279","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033279","article-title":"Stroke alters the function of enteric neurons to impair smooth muscle relaxation and dysregulates gut transit","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14066","article-title":"Oxymatrine ameliorates white matter injury by modulating gut microbiota after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071744","article-title":"Plasma metabolites associated with brain MRI measures of neurodegeneration in older adults in the atherosclerosis risk in communities-neurocognitive study (ARIC-NCS)","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343788","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1343788","article-title":"Harnessing filamentous phages for enhanced stroke recovery","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04618-2","article-title":"Functional outcome prediction of acute ischemic stroke based on the oral and gut microbiota","volume":"62","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.7.2099-2106.2004","article-title":"Restricted distribution of the butyrate kinase pathway among butyrate-producing bacteria from the human colon","volume":"186","author":"Louis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01552-x","article-title":"Reporting guidelines for human microbiome research: the STORMS checklist","volume":"27","author":"Mirzayi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2025.108382","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolites as biomarkers to predict the severity and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke patients","volume":"34","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.036800","article-title":"Gut microbiota and their metabolites in stroke: a double-edged sword","volume":"53","author":"Peh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578018","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1578018","article-title":"The role of the tryptophan metabolites in gut microbiota-brain axis and potential treatments: a focus on ischemic stroke","volume":"16","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414653","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1414653","article-title":"Gut microbiota and functional outcome after ischemic stroke: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"15","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10295-3","article-title":"From gut to brain: unraveling the intricate link between microbiome and stroke","volume":"16","author":"Raghani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0271-9","article-title":"Uncovering the trimethylamine-producing bacteria of the human gut microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Rath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105568","article-title":"The association between cerebral small vessel disease and the gut microbiome: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"30","author":"Saji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698172","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.698172","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis in health and disease and its implications for translational research","volume":"15","author":"Sch\u00e4chtle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231541","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1231541","article-title":"Alteration and clinical potential in gut microbiota in patients with cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7428","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1114-16.2016","article-title":"Microbiota dysbiosis controls the neuroinflammatory response after stroke","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056892","article-title":"Circulating metabolome and white matter hyperintensities in women and men","volume":"145","author":"Sliz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000538928","article-title":"Stroke in Asia","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis. Extra"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1861","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in acute ischemic stroke and the subsequent risk for poor functional outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3684","article-title":"The mycobiota: interactions between commensal fungi and the host immune system","volume":"14","author":"Underhill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000543399","article-title":"Stroke epidemiology in Asia","volume":"15","author":"Venketasubramanian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis. Extra"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00889","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00889-14","article-title":"Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data","volume":"5","author":"Vital","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117824","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01178-24","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis and neurological function recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage: an analysis of clinical samples","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388748","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1388748","article-title":"Elevated gut microbiota metabolite bile acids confer protective effects on clinical prognosis in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000543638","article-title":"Burden of intracerebral hemorrhage in Asia from 1990 to 2030: a population-based study","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70507","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70507","article-title":"Plasma metabolites link non-communicable diseases to increased white matter hyperintensities","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112030","article-title":"Minimally invasive vagus nerve stimulation modulates mast cell degranulation via the microbiota-gut-brain axis to ameliorate blood\u2013brain barrier and intestinal barrier damage following ischemic stroke","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.12122\/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.06.08","article-title":"Characteristics of gut virome and microbiome in patients with stroke","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.038867","article-title":"Immunodepression, infections, and functional outcome in ischemic stroke","volume":"53","author":"Westendorp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00397","article-title":"Stroke dysbiosis index (SDI) in gut microbiome are associated with brain injury and prognosis of stroke","volume":"10","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112797","article-title":"Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome modulates gut microbiota, attenuates corticospinal tract injury and ameliorates neurobehavioral deficits after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice","volume":"149","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323263","article-title":"Rapid gut dysbiosis induced by stroke exacerbates brain infarction in turn","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171521","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is associated with metabolism and systemic inflammation in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647304","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.647304","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by intracerebral hemorrhage aggravates neuroinflammation in mice","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04618-9","article-title":"High plasma levels of trimethylamine N-oxide are associated with poor outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage patients","volume":"42","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-019-00714-3","article-title":"Prognostic value of plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"39","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334581","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1334581","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in complications after ischemic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165398","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1165398","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide and stroke outcome: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6628","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.113764","article-title":"Gut microbiota depletion accelerates hematoma resolution and neurological recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage via p-coumaric acid-promoted Treg differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.05.002","article-title":"Gut microbes impact stroke severity via the trimethylamine N-oxide pathway","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927904\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:37:02Z","timestamp":1787031422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927904\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1927904","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"article-number":"1927904"}}