{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:05:28Z","timestamp":1790057128769,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) colonization is a major contributor to atopic dermatitis (AD), and its rising resistance and virulence underscore the urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, a halotolerant strain designated\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus halotolerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      DY299 was isolated from Arshan water. The cell-free culture supernatant (DY299-CFS) was prepared and its anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities against MRSA were evaluated\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The therapeutic efficacy was assessed in an MRSA-induced AD mouse model, with skin lesion severity, stratum corneum hydration, mast cell infiltration, and cutaneous MRSA colonization examined. Serum levels of IgE, IL-13, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-17 were measured by ELISA. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms, whole-genome sequencing of DY299, LC-MS\/MS metabolomic profiling of its supernatant, transcriptomic analysis of skin tissues, and network pharmacology-based target prediction were integrated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DY299-CFS demonstrated significant anti-biofilm activity, achieving an inhibition rate of 50.93% and effectively eradicating MRSA biofilm both\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Topical DY299-CFS treatment markedly alleviated inflammatory skin lesions, improved stratum corneum hydration, reduced mast cell infiltration, and suppressed cutaneous MRSA colonization in AD mice. ELISA assays revealed that DY299-CFS significantly decreased serum levels of IgE, IL-13, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-17 compared with the model group, indicating concurrent suppression of Th2-type and Th1\/Th17-type immune responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multi-omics analysis collectively identified the IL-17 signaling pathway as a key mediator through which DY299-CFS exerts its anti-inflammatory effects against MRSA-induced skin inflammation. Collectively, these findings establish\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus halotolerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      DY299 as a promising anti-biofilm agent against MRSA and a valuable microbial resource for developing novel therapeutics for biofilm-driven inflammatory skin diseases such as AD, offering a multifaceted strategy that combines direct antimicrobial action with immunomodulatory effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1929286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:39:40Z","timestamp":1790055580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-inflammatory effect of a Bacillus halotolerans DY299 strain isolated from Arshan on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced atopic dermatitis in mouse"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Caixia","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering of the Ministry of Education of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Minzu University","place":["Tongliao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Modern Mongolian Medicine Research and Testing, International Mongolian Hospital of Inner Mongolia","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qishi","family":"Qishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hohhot Stomatological Hospital (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Stomatological Hospital)","place":["Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hohhot Stomatological Hospital (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Stomatological Hospital)","place":["Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingsong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering of the Ministry of Education of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Minzu University","place":["Tongliao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Modern Mongolian Medicine Research and Testing, International Mongolian Hospital of Inner Mongolia","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7641","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S428103","article-title":"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance development and novel strategies to combat","volume":"16","author":"Abebe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. 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