{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:04:20Z","timestamp":1789365860965,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fall armyworm (FAW),\n                    <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a dangerous lepidopteran pest that threatens maize production globally. Biopesticides such as entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    present safer alternatives to chemical pesticides for FAW management. This study investigated the impact of\n                    <jats:italic>Metarhizium anisopliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    on the mortality, cellular immune response, and microbiome of FAW under different temperature regimes (15 \u00b0C, 20 \u00b0C, 25 \u00b0C, 30 \u00b0C, and 35 \u00b0C).\n                    <jats:italic>M. anisopliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates ICIPE 7 and ICIPE 78 caused higher FAW larval mortality than\n                    <jats:italic>B. thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates Bt43 and HD263 across all temperatures.\n                    <jats:italic>M. anisopliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection caused a more notable reduction in total hemocyte count (THC) in FAW, in contrast with\n                    <jats:italic>B. thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, compared to control FAW groups. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes dominated the differential hemocyte counts in both challenged and control FAW larvae. Microbiome analysis of entomopathogen-infected FAW showed marginal changes in the microbiome diversity, with larvae challenged with ICIPE 7 and Bt43 having higher bacterial species richness than control samples assessed on days 0 and 10 post-exposure. Hence, we detected that infection with entomopathogens compromises the immune system of FAW and that\n                    <jats:italic>M. anisopliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates ICIPE 7 and ICIPE 78 would be better candidates than\n                    <jats:italic>B. thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates Bt43 and HD263 for integration into an IPM program against FAW.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1929843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:40:17Z","timestamp":1789364417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunological responses and gut microbial shift of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda challenged with entomopathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Martha W.","family":"Nderitu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathiya M.","family":"Khamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria","place":["Hatfield, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inusa J.","family":"Ajene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Nyanjom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komivi S.","family":"Akutse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]},{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University","place":["Potchefstroom, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Bio-efficacy of biocontrol agents against Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. 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