{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:43Z","timestamp":1788419803597,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postoperative pulmonary infection (PI) and intracranial infection (IC) are major complications in neurocritical care patients; however, reliable approaches for predicting infection site susceptibility remain unavailable. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota and its metabolites influence systemic immune responses through the gut\u2013lung and gut\u2013brain axes. However, whether early postoperative gut microbial signatures could discriminate between subsequent PI and IC remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross-sectional study, 90 neurocritical care patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures were enrolled and subsequently categorized based on their postoperative infection status into three groups: IC (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f30), PI (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f30), and non-infected controls (CON,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f30). Fecal samples were collected within 24\u202fh after surgery for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry-based quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Microbial diversity, taxonomic composition, differential microbial biomarkers, functional profiles, and microbiota\u2013metabolite correlations were systematically analyzed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with CON patients, both infection groups exhibited significantly reduced microbial diversity and altered community structures. Distinct gut microbial and metabolic patterns were observed between IC and PI patients. The IC group showed enrichment in\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus, Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , increased butyrate levels, reduced propionate levels, and elevated branched-chain SCFA proportions. In contrast, the PI group was characterized by expansion of\n                      <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      , enrichment of\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , increased propionate concentrations, and decreased butyrate levels. Correlation analyses demonstrated strong associations between characteristic microbial genera and SCFA profiles. A six-genus microbial panel, comprising\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus, Faecalibacterium, Dialister, Escherichia-Shigella, Agathobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , effectively discriminated infection categories, achieving an area under the curve of 0.901. Functional prediction further revealed distinct metabolic and pathogenicity-related pathways among the three groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early postoperative gut microbiota and SCFA signatures are associated with subsequent infection sites in neurocritical care patients. These findings highlight the potential of gut microbial-metabolic profiling as a non-invasive strategy for early risk stratification and personalized prevention of postoperative pulmonary and intracranial infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1933225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:43:20Z","timestamp":1788417800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut microbiota and SCFA signatures in predicting postoperative infection sites in neurocritical care patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Weirong","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou Second People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University","place":["Taizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University\/The First People\u2019s Hospital of Lianyungang","place":["Lianyungang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aijun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School","place":["Yancheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5283526","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/5283526","article-title":"Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of gram-negative bacteria associated with chest infections in intensive care unit patients from a selected hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"2025","author":"Almouwlid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. 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