{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:04:10Z","timestamp":1790766250806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Avian mycoplasmosis, mainly caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MG),\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MS), and\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MGn), remains a persistent constraint on poultry production. These species co-circulate in flocks but differ in tissue tropism, host responses, and clinical outcomes. This review examines how pangenomic analysis and machine learning (ML)-based feature prioritization can clarify these differences while separating computational associations from experimentally supported mechanisms. We first summarize genome reduction, structural variation, accessory gene content, and antimicrobial resistance architecture, and then evaluate ML applications in classification, feature selection, network inference, and candidate prioritization. The evidence is strongest for MG, which combines respiratory adhesion, TLR2\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammation, NLRP3 activation, and oxidative injury. MS appears more synovium-adapted, with evidence of fibroblast reprogramming, ER stress-related responses, and interference with antiviral signaling. MGn remains insufficiently characterized because complete reference genomes, standardized infection models, and functional validation data are lacking. We conclude that pangenomics and machine learning are useful only when linked to validation: They can define candidate repertoires and rank testable hypotheses, but they do not establish pathogenic mechanisms. A controlled three-species comparison and a complete, well-annotated MGn reference genome are the most immediate priorities for addressing the gaps that currently prevent confident cross-species comparison.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1936311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:37:04Z","timestamp":1790764624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pangenomic and machine learning approaches to divergent pathogenic strategies in avian Mycoplasma species: evidence and limitations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Monitoring and Control of Major Swine Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Department of Education","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingrong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Sundaily Ecological Food Co., Ltd.","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Monitoring and Control of Major Swine Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Department of Education","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Monitoring and Control of Major Swine Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Department of Education","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Monitoring and Control of Major Swine Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Department of Education","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Sundaily Ecological Food Co., Ltd.","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoxi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Sundaily Ecological Food Co., Ltd.","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinglong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Monitoring and Control of Major Swine Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Department of Education","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1637\/11743-081717-Reg.1","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallinaceum in chickens","volume":"62","author":"Adeyemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030265","article-title":"Predominant single stable VpmaV expression in strain GM139 and major differences with Mycoplasma agalactiae type strain 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