{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:04:00Z","timestamp":1789365840776,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004054","name":"King Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Red Sea is a unique oligotrophic marine ecosystem characterized by high salinity, elevated temperatures, and increasing anthropogenic pressures along its coastal regions. However, coastal sediment-associated microbial communities and their functional potential, particularly regarding antimicrobial resistance and aromatic compound degradation, remain insufficiently explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated bacterial diversity in coastal sediments from six sites along the eastern Red Sea using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and gained functional insights through genome sequencing of 21 cultured bacterial isolates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amplicon sequencing revealed diverse bacterial communities dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes and Planctomycetes. Alpha diversity indices showed no significant variation among sites, whereas beta diversity analysis demonstrated distinct community clustering influenced by environmental parameters, including temperature, salinity, and pH. Genomic analysis of 21 isolates identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), conferring resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines, alongside metal resistance determinants. Putative carbapenem resistance genes were detected in Vibrio and Idiomarina isolates. Genomic annotation predicted substantial variability in aromatic hydrocarbon degradation capacity among isolates. Genera including Marinobacter, Ruegeria, and Halomonas exhibited extensive gene interaction networks, indicating enhanced metabolic adaptability and bioremediation potential, whereas other taxa displayed limited functional connectivity, suggesting niche specialization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, this study identifies that Red Sea coastal sediments harbor taxonomically distinct bacterial communities that carry a reservoir of ARGs and possess pollutant-degradation capabilities, providing insights for environmental health monitoring and biotechnological applications in pollution remediation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1936370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:39:02Z","timestamp":1789364342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diversity and functional genomic insights into antimicrobial resistance and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation genes in the Red Sea coast microbial community"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Riaz","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asad","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jamil-Ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi","place":["Karachi, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed Sartaj","family":"Sohrab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania A.","family":"El-Kady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathological Sciences Department- MBBS Program, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, and Fakeeh Care Group","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University","place":["Mansoura, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdalhadi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, and Fakeeh Care Group","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihsanullah","family":"Daur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Peshawar","place":["Peshawar, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Yasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathological Sciences Department- MBBS Program, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, and Fakeeh Care Group","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2015.03.011","article-title":"A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation","volume":"25","author":"Abdel-Shafy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Pet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.02.095","article-title":"Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in effluent-dominated Saudi Arabian coastal waters of the Red Sea","volume":"175","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062798","article-title":"A review of heavy metals in coastal surface sediments from the red sea: health-ecological risk assessments","volume":"18","author":"Al-Mutairi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9001","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09001","article-title":"Molecular-based approaches to characterize coastal microbial community and their potential relation to the trophic state of red sea","volume":"5","author":"Ansari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.10.050","article-title":"A bacterial community-based index to assess the ecological status of estuarine and coastal environments","volume":"114","author":"Aylagas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2006.02.006","article-title":"Co-selection of antibiotic and metal resistance","volume":"14","author":"Baker-Austin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.271","article-title":"Salinity and macrophyte drive the biogeography of the sedimentary bacterial communities in a brackish water tropical coastal lagoon","volume":"595","author":"Behera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.10.034","article-title":"Metagenomic studies of the red sea","volume":"576","author":"Behzad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14796-9_8","article-title":"Aerobic hydrocarbon-degrading alphaproteobacteria: rhodobacteraceae (Roseobacter)","author":"Buchan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tax.Genom. Ecophysiol. Hydrocarbon-Degrad. Microbes"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5825","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab293","article-title":"eggNOG-mapper v2: functional annotation, orthology assignments, and domain prediction at the metagenomic scale","volume":"38","author":"Cantalapiedra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2024.103404","article-title":"Fine-scale spatial and temporal trends in red sea coral reef research","volume":"71","author":"Cochran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-127","article-title":"Phylogenetic identification of marine bacteria isolated from deep-sea sediments of the eastern South Atlantic Ocean","volume":"2","author":"Da Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"Thermoanaerobaculaceae","volume-title":"Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria","author":"Dedysh","year":"2020"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02939-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02939-19","article-title":"Diversity and genetic basis for carbapenem resistance in a coastal marine environment","volume":"86","author":"Dewi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102147","article-title":"Carbapenem resistance among marine bacteria\u2014an emerging threat to the global health sector","volume":"9","author":"Dewi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3997\/2214-4609.202134081","volume":"2021","author":"Eze","year":"2021"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.3390\/su16052117","article-title":"Comparing AlUla and the red sea Saudi Arabia's giga projects on tourism towards a sustainable change in destination development","volume":"16","author":"Filippi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-022-00240-x","article-title":"Peripheral gene interactions define interpretable clusters of core ASD genes in a network-based investigation of the omnigenic theory","volume":"8","author":"F\u00f3thi","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ. Syst. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01756","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01756-23","article-title":"The biotechnological potential of the chloroflexota phylum","volume":"90","author":"Freches","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-011-9599-5","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of bacteria from the eastern mediterranean deep sea","volume":"100","author":"Gartner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuae017","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuae017","article-title":"Unravelling the mechanisms of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance co-selection in environmental bacteria","volume":"48","author":"Gillieatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14796-9_22","article-title":"Marine, aerobic hydrocarbon-degrading gammaproteobacteria: overview","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tax. Genom. Ecophysiol. Hydrocarbon-Degrad. Microbes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13112549","article-title":"Multiscale patterns of bacterial and protist diversity across red sea coral reefs","volume":"13","author":"Hempel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31896","article-title":"Investigation of the marine bacterial community along the coastline of the Gulf of Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Hinthong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78564-3","article-title":"Whole genome analysis of 26 bacterial strains reveals aromatic and hydrocarbon degrading enzymes from diverse environmental soil samples","volume":"14","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bbae206","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae206","article-title":"Assessing computational predictions of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes from microbial genomes","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6749","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15746","article-title":"Campylobacterota dominate the microbial communities in a tropical karst subterranean estuary, with implications for cycling and export of nitrogen to coastal waters","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22101523","article-title":"One health in coastal and marine contexts: a critical bibliometric analysis across environmental, animal, and human health dimensions","volume":"22","author":"Ioannou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02997-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships among marine Alteromonas-like proteobacteria: emended description of the family Alteromonadaceae and proposal of Pseudoalteromonadaceae fam. nov., Colwelliaceae fam. nov., Shewanellaceae fam. nov., Moritellaceae fam. nov., Ferrimonadaceae fam. nov., Idiomarinaceae fam. nov. and Psychromonadaceae fam. nov","volume":"54","author":"Ivanova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Systemat. Evolution. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13557","article-title":"Cell-specific nitrogen-and carbon-fixation of cyanobacteria in a temperate marine system (Baltic Sea)","volume":"18","author":"Klawonn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-74899-9","article-title":"Human wastewater contamination drives the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the Galapagos marine ecosystem","volume":"17","author":"Lal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00649-x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the environment","volume":"20","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39044-9_274","volume-title":"The Family Campylobacteraceae","author":"Lastovica","year":"2014"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03256","article-title":"Variations in soil bacterial composition and diversity in newly formed coastal wetlands","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14","article-title":"The challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.7.2691-2696.1998","article-title":"Microbial community composition of Wadden Sea sediments as revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization","volume":"64","author":"Llobet-Brossa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.051425-0","article-title":"Thermoanaerobaculum aquaticum gen. nov., sp. nov., the first cultivated member of Acidobacteria subdivision 23, isolated from a hot spring","volume":"63","author":"Losey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Systemat. Evolution. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W310","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad407","article-title":"Microbiomeanalyst 2.0: comprehensive statistical, functional and integrative analysis of microbiome data","volume":"51","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133948","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its effects on human health: an overeview","volume":"296","author":"Mallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2018.06.019","article-title":"Potentially harmful microalgae and algal blooms in the red sea: current knowledge and research needs","volume":"140","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602445","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.602445","article-title":"Microbial degradation of naphthalene and substituted naphthalenes: metabolic diversity and genomic insight for bioremediation","volume":"9","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"L"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00026-7","article-title":"Co-selection for antibiotic resistance by environmental contaminants","volume":"2","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.185","article-title":"Genomic repertoire of the Woeseiaceae\/JTB255, cosmopolitan and abundant core members of microbial communities in marine sediments","volume":"11","author":"Mu\u00dfmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00363","article-title":"Egypt's red sea coast: phylogenetic analysis of cultured microbial consortia in industrialized sites","volume":"5","author":"Mustafa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2014-0803","article-title":"Heavy-metal resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolated from Kongsfjord, Arctic","volume":"61","author":"Neethu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.17.5385-5395.1991","article-title":"Nucleotide sequences of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus benABC genes for benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase reveal evolutionary relationships among multicomponent oxygenases","volume":"173","author":"Neidle","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacter."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D678","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1003","article-title":"Introducing the bacterial and viral bioinformatics resource center (BV-BRC): a resource combining PATRIC, IRD and ViPR","volume":"51","author":"Olson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2153-5","article-title":"Co-occurrence of resistance genes to antibiotics, biocides and metals reveals novel insights into their co-selection potential","volume":"16","author":"Pal","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06928-z","article-title":"Microbial planktonic communities in the Red Sea: high levels of spatial and temporal variability shaped by nutrient availability and turbulence","volume":"7","author":"Pearman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.102","article-title":"Using SPAdes de novo assembler","volume":"70","author":"Prjibelski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinf."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45201-1_1","article-title":"\u201cIntroduction to the red sea: its origin, structure, and environment,\u201d","volume-title":"The Red Sea: The Formation, Morphology, Oceanography and Environment of a Young Ocean Basin","author":"Rasul","year":"2015"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04639-1","article-title":"Environmental resistomes and antimicrobial resistance: integrating the one health framework","volume":"399","author":"Raziq","year":"2026","journal-title":"Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-001-0018-8","article-title":"Community dynamics of free-living and particle-associated bacterial assemblages during a freshwater phytoplankton bloom","volume":"42","author":"Riemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbial. Ecol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: a versatile open source tool for metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2023.107966","article-title":"HADEG: A curated hydrocarbon aerobic degradation enzymes and genes database","volume":"107","author":"Rojas-Vargas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02975-x","article-title":"Comparing antimicrobial resistant genes and phenotypes across multiple sequencing platforms and assays for Enterobacterales clinical isolates","volume":"23","author":"Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.11.3981-3985.1995","article-title":"Application of reverse transcriptase PCR for monitoring expression of the catabolic dmpN gene in a phenol-degrading sequencing batch reactor","volume":"61","author":"Selvaratnam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.224","article-title":"Phenol hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp. KZNSA: purification, characterization and prediction of three-dimensional structure","volume":"146","author":"Setlhare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-025-00860-4","article-title":"Antibiotic use and misuse in maritime settings: challenges and implications for global antimicrobial resistance response","volume":"27","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02015","article-title":"The phylogeny, biodiversity, and ecology of the chloroflexi in activated sludge","volume":"10","author":"Speirs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143798","article-title":"Functionality, characterization and DEGs contribution by engineering isolate Pseudomonas P1 to elucidate the regulation mechanisms of p-chlorophenol-4-Chloroaniline bioremediation","volume":"468","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa502","article-title":"Variability in carbapenemase activity of intrinsic OxaAb (OXA-51-like) beta-lactamase enzymes in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"76","author":"Takebayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-008-9482-8","article-title":"Characterization of bacterial communities associated with organic aggregates in a large, shallow, eutrophic freshwater lake (Lake Taihu, China)","volume":"58","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbial. Ecol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.01935.x","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of stressed coral holobionts","volume":"11","author":"Thurber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.283","article-title":"Taxonomic diversity of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and genes in the red sea coast","volume":"677","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2016-0587","article-title":"Comparative bacterial community analysis in relatively pristine and anthropogenically influenced mangrove ecosystems on the red sea","volume":"63","author":"Ullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124848","article-title":"Heavy metal could drive co-selection of antibiotic resistance in terrestrial subsurface soils","volume":"411","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-015-0825-7","article-title":"Marine oil-degrading microorganisms and biodegradation process of petroleum hydrocarbon in marine environments: a review","volume":"71","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2015.3","article-title":"Comparison of the gut microbiota of people in France and Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"Yasir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition Diabetes"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.06.011","article-title":"Genomic and antimicrobial resistance genes diversity in multidrug-resistant CTX-M-positive isolates of Escherichia coli at a health care facility in Jeddah","volume":"13","author":"Yasir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683824607960","article-title":"Degradation of dibutyl phthalate by the halotolerant strain pseudarthrobacter sp. NKDBFgelt","volume":"61","author":"Yastrebova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1576-1","article-title":"Enhanced construction of gene regulatory networks using hub gene information","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215328","article-title":"Diversity of the microbial community and cultivable protease-producing bacteria in the sediments of the Bohai sea, yellow sea and south China sea","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108755","article-title":"Microbial diversity and metabolic pathways linked to benzene degradation in petrochemical-polluted groundwater","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021-01","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.05.425403","article-title":"Cultivation and characterization of a novel clade of deep-sea Chloroflexi: providing a glimpse of the phylum Chloroflexi involved in sulfur cycling","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2012.05.017","article-title":"Biodegradation of phenol using recombinant plasmid-carrying Rhodococcus erythropolis strains","volume":"84","author":"Z\u00eddkov\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Biodeteriorat. Biodegradat."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1936370\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:39:04Z","timestamp":1789364344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1936370\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1936370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1936370","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"article-number":"1936370"}}