{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:03:57Z","timestamp":1790197437037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the bacterium responsible for Q fever, is a highly infectious, environmentally resilient, and aerosol-transmissible zoonotic pathogen. While molecular and serological assays are the primary tools for routine diagnosis, isolating viable\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains crucial for comprehensive pathogen characterization, including whole-genome sequencing, phenotypic analysis, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, vaccine development, and diagnostic assay validation. This review examines the literature on two key factors for successful\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    recovery: selecting an appropriate specimen source and choosing a compatible cultivation platform. Viable organisms can be recovered from human clinical specimens, such as acute-phase blood and tissues from focal chronic infections (e.g., cardiac valves), provided that bacterial burden and viability are maintained. Animal-derived specimens, especially reproductive tissues, placental material, fetal tissues, milk, urine, feces, and genital secretions, are vital sources for veterinary investigations and zoonotic risk assessment. However, contamination with other microorganisms often complicates recovery from these samples. Tick-derived and environmental samples can broaden epidemiological insights, but their interpretation requires caution, as Coxiella-like endosymbionts and low viable bacterial burdens may hinder culture recovery. Regarding culture platforms, mammalian cell culture, particularly shell vial-based systems, is the most widely applicable method for primary isolation. Embryonated chicken eggs and animal inoculation are still valuable for biological amplification or generating phase variants. Furthermore, host cell-free axenic media have revolutionized\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    propagation, metabolic analysis, and genetic studies. Successful isolation hinges on several factors: specimen type, processing, storage conditions, bacterial viability, strain characteristics, and compatibility with the chosen culture system. Future advancements should incorporate viability-based molecular preselection, high-throughput image-based culture screening, optimized cell-line selection, axenic media with broader strain permissiveness, and standardized reporting of culture attempts. These improvements will expand available isolate collections and diversify studies on\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    biology, epidemiology, and control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1937451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:29:10Z","timestamp":1790195350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sources and culture methods for the isolation and cultivation of Coxiella burnetii"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ik-Jun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Na","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chungbuk Provincial Veterinary Service and Research","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sezim","family":"Monoldorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University","place":["Wonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-Young","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University","place":["Wonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Won","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungsu","family":"Youk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University Hospital","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12791","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in the environment: A systematic review and critical appraisal of sampling methods.","volume":"68","author":"Abeykoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Q fever\u2013United States, 2013: Recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group.","volume":"62","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. 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