{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:15:34Z","timestamp":1788156934253,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mangrove endophytic fungi are recognized as prolific sources of structurally diverse and bioactive natural products. In this study, 19 cultivable endophytic fungal strains were isolated and taxonomically characterized from mangrove plant tissues collected at the Shankou Mangrove Nature Reserve (Guangxi, China). One isolate,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>\n                    BM19, exhibited broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against multiple aquatic pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of its ethyl acetate crude extract led to the isolation of penicillic acid (1), whose structure was fully elucidated by 1D\/2D NMR and HRESIMS. Penicillic acid showed potent anti\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    parahaemolyticus activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 \u03bcg\/mL and displayed no obvious cytotoxicity toward human HaCaT keratinocytes. Growth curve assays revealed a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect: 0.5 \u00d7 MIC delayed logarithmic growth, whereas 1 \u00d7 and 2 \u00d7 MIC completely suppressed bacterial proliferation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) visualized cellular distortion, compromised cell envelopes, and cytoplasmic leakage at MIC, with severe envelope disruption at 2 \u00d7 MIC. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) combined with SYTO 9\/PI double staining further confirmed the concentration-dependent impairment of cell envelope integrity, as evidenced by reduced green fluorescence (intact cells) and increased red fluorescence (damaged cells). Collectively, these findings indicate that penicillic acid inhibits V. parahaemolyticus and is associated with concentration-dependent impairment of cell-envelope integrity. Although penicillic acid is a known mycotoxin, its selective activity against pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>vibrios<\/jats:italic>\n                    and low toxicity to human keratinocytes highlight its potential as a lead compound for aquaculture applications. Nevertheless, further systematic evaluation of\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    efficacy and biosafety is required prior to translational development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1939258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:39:26Z","timestamp":1788154766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Discovery of penicillic acid from mangrove endophytic fungi: anti-Vibrio screening and cell envelope disruption in V. parahaemolyticus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of High-Efficient Utilization of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of High-Efficient Utilization of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of High-Efficient Utilization of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangxi","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of High-Efficient Utilization of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for the Development and Utilization of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts for Beibu Gulf","place":["MNR, Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenghai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of High-Efficient Utilization of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for the Development and Utilization of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts for Beibu Gulf","place":["MNR, Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuman","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of High-Efficient Utilization of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for the Development and Utilization of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts for Beibu Gulf","place":["MNR, Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of High-Efficient Utilization of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for the Development and Utilization of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts for Beibu Gulf","place":["MNR, Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e515","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00124-4","article-title":"Stemming the rising tide of Vibrio disease","volume":"8","author":"Baker-Austin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet. 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