{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:18:07Z","timestamp":1787811487083,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Powdered infant formula (PIF) has been implicated as a potential vehicle for foodborne pathogens, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Cronobacter sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which can cause life-threatening infections in infants. For high-risk infants, public health agencies recommend using hot water to reconstitute PIF for safety. This study evaluated the influence of reconstitution water temperature on pathogen inactivation and subsequent survival and growth during storage. Milk-based (MB) and soy-based (SB) PIF were inoculated with\n                    <jats:italic>C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    via spray atomization and left to stabilize for 1 month. Inoculated PIF was reconstituted using water at 25, 45, 70, 85, or 100 \u00b0C. A low-volume (LV) and a high-volume (HV) preparation were assessed. The dynamic log-linear model was applied to describe pathogen inactivation kinetics, and storage studies were subsequently conducted at 5, 10, and 25 \u00b0C for up to 48 h. Increasing the initial water temperature significantly enhanced pathogen inactivation in PIF, with substantial population reductions (&amp;gt;4 log CFU\/mL) achieved with 85 and 100 \u00b0C water. Reconstitution of PIF at 70 \u00b0C provided moderate inactivation (2\u20133 log CFU\/mL reduction). Sample volume had inconsistent effects on inactivation rates, with HV samples exhibiting slower cooling but not always greater pathogen reductions. Both pathogens demonstrated heat resistance, with observed outgrowth of\n                    <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    in SB-PIF at certain volume-temperature combinations. During storage of reconstituted PIF, both pathogens demonstrated regrowth at 25 \u00b0C, minimal to no growth at 10 \u00b0C, and no growth at 5 \u00b0C after 48 h. These findings highlight the need for immediate consumption or refrigeration of reconstituted PIF after preparation. The results of this study provide information on the safe preparation and handling of PIF by quantifying temperature-dependent pathogen inactivation in two different formulations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1939855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:33:41Z","timestamp":1787808821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inactivation kinetics of Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica in reconstituted powdered infant formula and survival during subsequent storage"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gurjot","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Fay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raswanth M.","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavya S.","family":"Pendyala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibali S.","family":"Alva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Newkirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana S.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Fleischman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelle K.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration","place":["Bedford Park, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200410000-00002","article-title":"Preparation and handling of powdered infant formula: A commentary by the ESPGHAN committee on nutrition.","volume":"39","author":"Agostoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutrit."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4565.2009.00157.x","article-title":"Thermal resistance, survival and inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in powdered and reconstituted infant formula.","volume":"29","author":"Al-Holy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Safety"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2025.100571","article-title":"Assessing hot water reconstitution instructions and labeling of powdered infant formula to ensure Cronobacter spp. reduction.","volume":"88","author":"Beary","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/27.6.602","article-title":"The thermal death point in relation to time of typical thermophilic organisms","volume":"27","author":"Bigelow","year":"1920","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0774-5","article-title":"Cluster of neonatal infections in Jerusalem due to unusual biochemical variant of Enterobacter sakazakii.","volume":"21","author":"Block","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1708.051509","article-title":"Invasive Enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants.","volume":"12","author":"Bowen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000253219.06258.23","article-title":"Two consecutive large outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serotype Agona infections in infants linked to the consumption of powdered infant formula.","volume":"26","author":"Brouard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1086\/524737","article-title":"Powdered infant formula as a source of Salmonella infection in infants.","volume":"46","author":"Cahill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00846.x","article-title":"Home preparation of powdered infant formula: Is it safe?","volume":"97","author":"Carletti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1128\/Jcm.01075-07","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Enterobacter sakazakii strains from an outbreak resulting in fatalities in a neonatal intensive care unit in France.","volume":"45","author":"Caubilla-Barron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Miltistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Agona infections linked to toasted oats cereal - United States, April\u2013May, 1998.\n          \n          462\n          464\n          Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep.\n          47\n          1998"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"297","article-title":"Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the use of powdered infant formula\u2013Tennessee, 2001.","volume":"51","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Poona Infections Linked to Imported Cucumbers (Final Update).","year":"2016"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Infant Formula Preparation and Storage.","year":"2024"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-67.1.60","article-title":"Thermal inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in rehydrated infant formula.","volume":"67","author":"Edelson-Mammel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-68.9.1900","article-title":"Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii in a dehydrated powdered infant formula.","volume":"68","author":"Edelson-Mammel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2025.100670","article-title":"Long-Term survival of Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterobacter spp. in powdered infant formula based on relative humidity.","volume":"88","author":"Fay","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Outbreak Investigation of Salmonella Enteritidis: Peaches (August 2020).","year":"2020"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Handling Infant Formula Safely: What You Need to Know.","year":"2024"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2023.v13.i1.11","article-title":"Thermal tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter pulveris in reconstituted infant milk formula.","volume":"13","author":"Garbaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13567","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13567","article-title":"The safety of at home powdered infant formula preparation: A community science project.","volume":"20","author":"Grant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maternal Child Nutrit."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7209a2","article-title":"Cronobacter sakazakii infections in two infants linked to powdered infant formula and breast pump equipment - United States, 2021 and 2022.","volume":"72","author":"Haston","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR-Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01507.x","article-title":"The growth profile, thermotolerance and biofilm formation of Enterobacter sakazakii grown in infant formula milk.","volume":"38","author":"Iversen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2018.23.2.17-00852","article-title":"Ongoing nationwide outbreak of Salmonella Agona associated with internationally distributed infant milk products, France, December 2017.","volume":"23","author":"Jourdan-da Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002100","article-title":"Preparation of powdered infant formula: Could product\u2019s safety be improved?","volume":"67","author":"Losio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04271.x","article-title":"Heat resistance of Cronobacter species (Enterobacter sakazakii) in milk and special feeding formula.","volume":"107","author":"Osaili","year":"","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02541.x","article-title":"Survival and growth of Cronobacter species (Enterobacter sakazakii) in wheat-based infant follow-on formulas.","volume":"48","author":"Osaili","year":"","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00072","article-title":"Investigation on the factors affecting Cronobacter sakazakii contamination levels in reconstituted powdered infant formula.","volume":"3","author":"Parra-Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119071051","volume-title":"Control of Salmonella and Other Bacterial Pathogens in Low-Moisture Foods.","author":"Podolak","year":"2017"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.149.1.1-5.1982","article-title":"Relationship between temperature and growth rate of bacterial cultures.","volume":"149","author":"Ratkowsky","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Redmond\n              E.\n            \n            \n              Griffith\n              C.\n            \n          \n          An Investigation into the Attitudes and Behaviours of Consumers and Caregivers in the Preparation, Handling and Storage of Powdered Infant Formula Inside and Outside the Home.\n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485398","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1485398","article-title":"Inactivation kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica on specialty mushroom garnishes based on ramen soup broth temperature.","volume":"15","author":"Salazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190858","article-title":"Food safety and invasive Cronobacter infections during early infancy, 1961-2018.","volume":"26","author":"Strysko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.293-297.2001","article-title":"Outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk formula.","volume":"39","author":"van Acker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Safe Preparation, Storage and Handling of Powdered Infant Formula: Guidelines.","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1939855\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:33:43Z","timestamp":1787808823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1939855\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1939855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1939855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"article-number":"1939855"}}