{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:53:56Z","timestamp":1791262436160,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a matrilineally inherited endosymbiont, has the potential to influence host mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity through cytoplasmic hitchhiking and selective sweeps.\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      naturally harbors\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , making it an ideal model for studying host-symbiont interactions. However,\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in Shandong Province and its effects on host mitochondrial ND5 gene remain poorly characterized.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 388 female\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were collected from 16 cities across 5 climatic zones in Shandong.\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was detected using\n                      <jats:italic>wsp<\/jats:italic>\n                      -based typing primers, and geographical distribution and climatic responses were analyzed. ND5 gene was amplified and sequenced. Haplotype networks, phylogenetic trees, and\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      -ND5 association plots were constructed. Correlation analyses, neutrality tests, and AMOVA were performed to assess the associations between\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and ND5 genetic diversity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection rate was 92.8%, with coinfection A&amp;amp;B as the dominant type (81.4%), followed by \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbB only\u201d (6.2%) and \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbA only\u201d (5.2%) infections. The infection rate varied notably among cities (61.5\u2013100%) and climatic regions (77.6\u201398.7%). The overall infection and coinfection rates were negatively correlated with temperature, while the \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbA only\u201d rate was positively correlated with precipitation. A total of 21 ND5 haplotypes, one\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbA haplotype, and four\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbB haplotypes were identified. Hap1 and Hap2, the ND5 haplotypes more closely associated to\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were predominant and most broadly distributed among populations. Compared with the\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      uninfected group, ND5 nucleotide diversity was reduced in the infected, \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbB only,\u201d and coinfection groups, while haplotype diversity was reduced in the \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbA only\u201d group. Neutrality tests showed significantly negative Tajima\u2019s D and Fu\u2019s Fs for the infected and coinfection groups, suggesting recent population expansion or selective sweeps.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study revealed a high\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence in Shandong\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with coinfection A&amp;amp;B dominant and notable regional heterogeneity. The low genetic diversity of both\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and ND5, combined with reduced diversity in infected groups and significant negative neutrality test values, supported\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated selective sweeps on host mtDNA, although findings for the \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                      AlbA only\u201d group should be interpreted cautiously due to low sample size. This study provided opportunities to better understand host-symbiont interactions, showing potential value for vector monitoring and control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1943745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:25:47Z","timestamp":1791260747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wolbachia infection and its effects on mitochondrial ND5 gene variation in Aedes albopictus from Shandong Province"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tong","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases","place":["Jinan, 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qintong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Provincial 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenkui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengduan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases","place":["Jinan, 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