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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The intensive farming of crucian carp (\n                      <jats:italic>Carassius auratus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) often compromises fish health and increases disease susceptibility, driving interest in probiotic interventions as sustainable alternatives to antibiotics. However, the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy and mechanistic basis of\n                      <jats:italic>Weissella cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains in freshwater fish remain poorly understood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A bacteriocin-producing strain,\n                      <jats:italic>Weissella cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      XN-2a, was isolated from fish viscera and supplemented in the diet of crucian carp at an initial viable dose of 2.74 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/g feed (freshly prepared and replaced every 3 days) for 30 days, followed by a challenge with\n                      <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Growth performance, immune parameters, intestinal histology, and gut metagenomic profiles were compared between the probiotic-fed group (XS) and the control group (XD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Probiotic supplementation significantly improved weight gain (28.17% vs. 13.98%), feed conversion ratio (1.88 \u00b1 0.32 vs. 2.58 \u00b1 0.27,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), and post-challenge survival (50% vs. 0%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). The XS group exhibited enhanced intestinal morphology (higher mucosal fold height and FH\/IFD ratio, lower inter-fold distance), elevated IgM and SOD activities, and reduced post-challenge IL-6 and MDA levels. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the probiotic reshaped the gut microbiota from a pathogen-associated virulence profile (LPS, flagella, enterobactin) toward a commensal profile enriched in T6SS\/T2SS and alternative siderophores, without increasing the overall antibiotic resistance burden. The butanoate metabolism pathway showed differences consistent with increased butyrate synthesis potential, with enrichment of butyrate-synthetic enzymes (e.g., enoyl-CoA hydratase, acetolactate decarboxylase) in XS and butyrate-diverting enzymes in XD. CAZy profiling further showed enrichment of antibacterial (GH25\/GH73) and antioxidant (AA4) gene families in XS, with\n                      <jats:italic>Weissella<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a major contributor.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings suggest that dietary\n                      <jats:italic>Weissella cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      XN-2a enhances growth performance, intestinal health, and disease resistance in crucian carp, potentially through a dual mechanism involving bacteriocin-mediated microbiota modulation and enhanced butyrate synthesis potential. Further investigations, including direct metabolite quantification, are warranted to validate these mechanistic inferences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1953174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:39:30Z","timestamp":1789382370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of dietary supplementation with bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance-producing Weissella cibaria XN-2a on growth performance, immune responses, and gut microbiota in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology College","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianshuo","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology College","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuolei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology College","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology College","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology College","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology College","place":["Jilin, China"]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine","place":["Jilin, China"]},{"name":"Jilin Province Technology Innovation Center of Pig Ecological Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baishuang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology College","place":["Jilin, China"]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine","place":["Jilin, China"]},{"name":"Jilin Province Cross Regional Cooperation Technology Innovation Center of Porcine Main Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology College","place":["Jilin, China"]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine","place":["Jilin, China"]},{"name":"Jilin Province Technology Innovation Center of Pig Ecological Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2020.1758899","article-title":"Benefits of dietary butyric acid, sodium butyrate, and their protected forms in aquafeeds: a review","volume":"28","author":"Abdel-Latif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. 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