{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:54:36Z","timestamp":1790747676961,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Project","award":["2026GXLK34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026GXLK34"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Program, China","award":["2026GXNSFHA00640091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026GXNSFHA00640091"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32560126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32560126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Host-associated factor and the environment play crucial roles in shaping the composition and function of the gut microbiome. Considerable debate exists regarding the relative influence of host-associated and environmental factors on the gut microbiome. To determine the relative importance of host-associated factors and environmental factors in langurs, we employed metagenomic sequencing to examine differences in the gut microbiome of the white-headed langurs (\n                      <jats:italic>Trachypithecus leucocephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs (\n                      <jats:italic>T. francoisi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results revealed that the alpha diversity of the gut microbiome significantly differed between white-headed langurs and Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs in similar habitats. However, there was no significant variation in the alpha diversity between the wild and captive Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs. Similarly, the proportion of Bacillota differed between the langur species, with a higher proportion in the white-headed langurs than the Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs. In addition, significant separation in gut microbiome functions also occurred between the two species. The functional genes related to metabolism (e.g., carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism) and Glycoside Hydrolases in wild Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs were more abundant than in the other langurs. The results of PCoA showed that the pathways were significantly separated between white-headed langurs and Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs at four levels in the KEGG database, whereas the pathways showed no significant differences between the wild and captive Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs except for module level. The proportion of ARGs related to multidrug resistance was higher in wild Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs, likely associated with the utilization of poultry manure and antibacterial biocides in the langur\u2019s habitat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrates that the host-associated factors have stronger influence on shaping the gut microbiome of langurs than environmental factors. These findings provide data on the relative contributions of host-associated factors and environmental factors to the gut microbiome of langurs and identify potential driving factors for antibiotic resistance genes. In addition, these findings provide crucial insights into the influence of host-associated factors on the gut microbiome, offering a theoretical basis for future langur conservation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1953526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:55:49Z","timestamp":1790744149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut microbiome profiles of two limestone forest-dwelling langurs show stronger influence of host-associated factors than environment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education","place":["Guilin, China"]},{"name":"The Chongzuo White-Headed Langur Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi","place":["Chongzuo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Forest Resources and Environment Monitoring Center","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education","place":["Guilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education","place":["Guilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxiang","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education","place":["Guilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kechu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mountain Biodiversity Conservation, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yulin Normal University","place":["Yulin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education","place":["Guilin, China"]},{"name":"The Chongzuo White-Headed Langur Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi","place":["Chongzuo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0175-0","article-title":"Evolutionary trends in host physiology outweigh dietary niche in structuring primate gut microbiomes","volume":"13","author":"Amato","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14862","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14862","article-title":"Habitat fragmentation is associated to gut microbiota diversity of an endangered primate: implications for conservation","volume":"5","author":"Barelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2020.0057","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health","volume":"11","author":"Blaak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Trachypithecus leucocephalus","author":"Bleisch","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15317","article-title":"Communal living: glycan utilization by the human gut microbiota","volume":"23","author":"Briggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-021-09884-2","article-title":"Host genetic control of gut microbiome composition","volume":"32","author":"Bubier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40911-0","article-title":"Nutrient-based diet modifications impact on the gut microbiome of the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus)","volume":"9","author":"Cabana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.010","article-title":"Diet dominates host genotype in shaping the murine gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Carmody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2016.1166204","article-title":"Drug monitoring and individual dose optimization of antimicrobial drugs: oxazolidinones","volume":"12","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/03949370.2024.2361678","article-title":"Environmental determinants of the diets in Fran\u00e7ois' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi)","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ethol. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126243","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2023.1126243","article-title":"Seasonal variations in the gut microbiota of white-headed black langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in a limestone forest in Southwest Guangxi, China","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e981","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.981","article-title":"Gut microbiota of provisioned and wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) living in a limestone forest in Southwest Guangxi, China","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Open"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e00929","article-title":"Variations in the gut microbiota of sympatric Fran\u00e7ois' langurs and rhesus macaques living in limestone forests in Southwest Guangxi, China","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10376","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521835113","article-title":"Captivity humanizes the primate microbiome","volume":"113","author":"Clayton","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-05923-6","article-title":"The impacts of faecal subsampling on microbial compositional profiling","volume":"15","author":"Cox","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC. Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01357","article-title":"Correlations of host genetics and gut microbiome composition","volume":"7","author":"D\u0105browska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2024.e03145","article-title":"Study on the microbiome and resistome of wild and captive Guizhou golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi) in China","volume":"54","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897","article-title":"Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut","volume":"3","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23061","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23061","article-title":"The effect of captivity on the primate gut microbiome varies with host dietary niche","volume":"81","author":"Frankel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.146","article-title":"Temporal variation selects for diet-microbe co-metabolic traits in the gut of Gorilla spp","volume":"10","author":"Gomez","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01993-3","article-title":"Metagenomic insights into the diversity of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes in the yak fecal microbial community","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.053","article-title":"Human genetics shape the gut microbiome","volume":"159","author":"Goodrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"27","article-title":"Speciation and biogeography of Vietnam's primates","volume":"1","author":"Groves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vietnam. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Nature Reserves in Guangxi","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-017-1041-8","article-title":"Diet versus phylogeny: a comparison of gut microbiota in captive colobine monkey species","volume":"75","author":"Hale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22989","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22989","article-title":"Gut microbiota in wild and captive Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys, Rhinopithecus brelichi","volume":"81","author":"Hale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"White-Headed Langur in China","author":"Huang","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02929-5","article-title":"Dietary variety relates to gut microbiota diversity and abundance in humans","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.20103\/j.stxb.2010.20.011","article-title":"Diet and the seasonal changes of the Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langur (Trachypithecus francosis) (in Chinese)","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-005-0130-3","article-title":"How does the white-headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) adapt locomotor behavior to its unique limestone hill habitat?","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13240","article-title":"Species identity dominates over environment in shaping the microbiota of small mammals","volume":"22","author":"Knowles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60030","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60030","article-title":"Structure of MlaFB uncovers novel mechanisms of ABC transporter regulation","volume":"9","author":"Kolich","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11716","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11716","article-title":"Diets of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) inhabiting limestone forests: the effects of habitat fragmentation and implication for conservation","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00653-6","article-title":"Comparative study of gut microbiota reveals the adaptive strategies of gibbons living in suboptimal habitats","volume":"11","author":"Lan","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23555","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23555","article-title":"Diet-related factors strongly shaped the gut microbiota of Japanese macaques","volume":"85","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23072","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23072","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition of Japanese macaques associates with extent of human encroachment","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155725","article-title":"Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes","volume":"320","author":"Ley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00388-2","article-title":"Gut microbiome responds compositionally and functionally to the seasonal diet variations in wild gibbons","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01705","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota composition between captive and wild forest musk deer","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13101877","article-title":"Current status and spatiotemporal evolution of antibiotic residues in livestock and poultry manure in China","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"440","article-title":"A revision of the white-headed langur (in Chinese)","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Zootaxon. Sin."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-014-0497-z","article-title":"Bacterial community composition and fermentation patterns in the rumen of sika deer (Cervus nippon) fed three different diets","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1515\/mammalia-2014-0152","article-title":"Dietary adaptation of white-headed langurs in a fragmented limestone habitat","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mammalia"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2097-3772.2023.298","article-title":"Achievements and challenges of primate conservation in China","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zool. Res. Divers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-024-2679-3","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis reveals the genetic and environmental factors in shaping the gut resistome of a keystone rodent species","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05091","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05091-22","article-title":"Evaluation of gut microbiota stability and flexibility as a response to seasonal variation in the wild Fran\u00e7ois' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) in limestone forest","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-024-01778-3","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of the gut microbiota in the Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) in a limestone forest in Guangxi, China","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061659","article-title":"Relatively recent evolution of pelage coloration in colobinae: phylogeny and phylogeography of three closely related langur species","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12830","article-title":"Multi-omics reveal the gut microbiota-mediated severe foraging environment adaption of small wild ruminants in the Three-River-source National Park, China","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550","article-title":"Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota","volume":"489","author":"Lozupone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9349","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7726","article-title":"Interannual variation in food choice of white-headed langur inhabiting limestone forests in Fusui, Southwest Guangxi, China","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24476","article-title":"Gastrointestinal morphology and ontogeny of foregut-fermenting primates","volume":"177","author":"Matsuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22238","article-title":"Fecal microbiomes of non-human primates in Western Uganda reveal species-specific communities largely resistant to habitat perturbation","volume":"76","author":"McCord","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icx090","article-title":"The effects of captivity on the mammalian gut microbiome","volume":"57","author":"McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166688","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1166688","article-title":"Captivity restructures the gut microbiota of Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi)","volume":"14","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01631","article-title":"Commentary: nationwide surveillance of novel oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA in enterococcus isolates in China from 2004 to 2014","volume":"8","author":"Morroni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Trachypithecus francoisi.","author":"Nadler","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21725","article-title":"Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions","volume":"544","author":"Ndeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14473","article-title":"Rates of gut microbiome divergence in mammals","volume":"27","author":"Nishida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0199-5","article-title":"The structure and diversity of human, animal and environmental resistomes","volume":"4","author":"Pal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12308","article-title":"Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease","volume":"16","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04800-7","article-title":"Intersite differences in gut microbiome are associated with habitat quality in a limestone forest-dwelling langur","volume":"26","author":"Qiu","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2020.148276","article-title":"Cell energy metabolism: an update","volume":"1861","author":"Rigoulet","year":"2020","journal-title":"BBA-Bioenergetics"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25973","article-title":"Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota","volume":"555","author":"Rothschild","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22425","article-title":"Feeding ecology of bonobos living in forest-savannah mosaics: diet seasonal variation and importance of fallback foods","volume":"77","author":"Serckx","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.62","article-title":"Specific microbiome-dependent mechanisms underlie the energy harvest efficiency of ruminants","volume":"10","author":"Shabat","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01744-2","article-title":"Mapping the widespread distribution and transmission dynamics of linezolid resistance in humans, animals, and the environment","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1360\/972013-484","article-title":"Genetic diversity of captive langurs in the Wuzhou langur breeding center and individual selection for reintroduction","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull. (Chin Ver)"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23237","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23237","article-title":"Food availability, plant diversity, and vegetation structure drive behavioral and ecological variation in endangered Coimbra-Filho's titi monkeys","volume":"83","author":"Souza-Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-016-9918-9","article-title":"Fecal bacterial composition of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)","volume":"37","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269492","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1269492","article-title":"The composition and function of the gut microbiota of Fran\u00e7ois\u2019 langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) depend on the environment and diet","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12073","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2098249","article-title":"Gut firmicutes: relationship with dietary fiber and role in host homeostasis","volume":"63","author":"Sun","year":"","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-015-0498-7","article-title":"Forest seasonality shapes diet of limestone-living rhesus macaques at Nonggang, China","volume":"57","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.S328521","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes among Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) isolates of Prapokklao hospital, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Tunyong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452101","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1452101","article-title":"Geographic and environmental impacts on gut microbiome in Himalayan langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) and Xizang macaques (Macaca mulatta vestita)","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-025-3197-2","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary drivers of trait-based symbiosis and phylosymbiosis in avian gut microbiota","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763022","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.763022","article-title":"Captivity influences the gut microbiome of Rhinopithecus roxellana","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101625","article-title":"Comparative analysis of gut microbiota between wild and captive golden snub-nosed monkeys","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56206-3","article-title":"Dynamics and stabilization of the rumen microbiome in yearling Tibetan sheep","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911275","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.911275","article-title":"Anthropogenic disturbance impacts gut microbiome homeostasis in a Malagasy primate","volume":"13","author":"Wasimuddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118920","article-title":"Uncovering the prevalence and drivers of antibiotic resistance genes in soils across different land-use types","volume":"344","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01918-21","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01918-21","article-title":"Differences in fecal microbiome and antimicrobial resistance between captive and free-range sika deer under the same exposure of antibiotic anthelmintics","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10312-4","article-title":"Modulation of microbially derived short-chain fatty acids on intestinal homeostasis, metabolism, and neuropsychiatric disorder","volume":"104","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70007","article-title":"Comparison of three sympatric desert lizards: digestive tract structure, digestive enzyme activities, gut microbiota, and metabolites","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722901","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.722901","article-title":"The dominating role of genetic background in shaping gut microbiota of honeybee queen over environmental factors","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03812-z","article-title":"Gut microbiome reveals the trophic variation and significant adaption of three sympatric forest-dwelling ungulates on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00806-7","article-title":"Plasticity of the gut microbiome of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in response to seasonal variation in diet","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.16829\/j.slxb.150422","article-title":"Advances in ecological research on the limestone langurs in China","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. Sin."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-010-0093-z","article-title":"Human gut microbiome: the second genome of human body","volume":"1","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Protein Cell"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1953526\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:56:00Z","timestamp":1790744160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1953526\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1953526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1953526","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"1953526"}}