{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:50:27Z","timestamp":1791355827224,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fluoroquinolones remain important therapeutic options for shigellosis, but the accumulation of chromosomal and plasmid-mediated resistance determinants threatens their continued effectiveness. Genomic data on fluoroquinolone resistance-associated determinants in\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      from West Africa remain limited. Here, we investigated the epidemiological, phenotypic, and genomic characteristics of clinical\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates recovered through Senegal\u2019s national sentinel surveillance system between 2020 and 2021, with particular emphasis on fluoroquinolone resistance-associated genomic determinants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stool specimens collected from patients with acute diarrhea were cultured for\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. Genomes were analyzed for antimicrobial resistance determinants, quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations, plasmid replicons, virulence-associated genes, sequence types, and core-genome phylogenetic relationships.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 900 diarrheal stool specimens, 22\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were recovered, including 12\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 7\n                      <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and 3\n                      <jats:italic>S. boydii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . All isolates were phenotypically susceptible to ciprofloxacin, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>qnrS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in 9\/22 isolates (40.9%) and the QRDR substitution\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      S83L in 4\/22 (18.2%). These determinants occurred in non-overlapping isolates, and no\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      S83V or\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      QRDR mutation was detected. IncFII replicons were identified in all isolates, while additional replicons showed heterogeneous distributions across species and sequence types. The fluoroquinolone resistance-associated determinants were distributed across distinct genetic backgrounds rather than being restricted to a single lineage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate that phenotypic susceptibility to ciprofloxacin may coexist with fluoroquinolone resistance-associated genomic determinants in clinical\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. Integrating WGS with routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing may strengthen surveillance of emerging fluoroquinolone resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Senegal and West Africa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1974062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:58:44Z","timestamp":1791352724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fluoroquinolone resistance-associated determinants in ciprofloxacin-susceptible Shigella isolates from Senegal"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Cheikh Ibrahima","family":"Lo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elhadj Aly","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]},{"name":"\u00c9cole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie, de la Sant\u00e9 et de l'Environnement, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Sadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safietou","family":"Sankhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateforme de S\u00e9quen\u00e7age du P\u00f4le de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adja Bousso","family":"Gu\u00e8ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouhamed","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie, de la Sant\u00e9 et de l'Environnement, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]},{"name":"Plateforme de S\u00e9quen\u00e7age du P\u00f4le de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Odile","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maimouna","family":"Mbanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateforme de S\u00e9quen\u00e7age du P\u00f4le de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaubert","family":"Yelkouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sokhna","family":"Ndongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatime Poulo","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul Aziz","family":"Wane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa Moise","family":"Diagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateforme de S\u00e9quen\u00e7age du P\u00f4le de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakhya","family":"Dieye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]},{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliqu\u00e9es and Bioproc\u00e9d\u00e9s Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure Polytechnique, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065796","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1065796","article-title":"Evolution and implementation of one health to control the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes: a review","volume":"12","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771510","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771510","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: one health one world outlook","volume":"11","author":"Aslam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0313310","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313310","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing and antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Ayele","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102533","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms of Shigella flexneri isolated in Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Azmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00283-5","article-title":"Genomics for public health and international surveillance of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"4","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8355367\/v1","article-title":"Real-time sentinel syndromic surveillance for infectious disease detection: lessons from the 4S network in Senegal, 2015\u20132023","author":"Barry","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-01054-z","article-title":"Pathogenomic analyses of Shigella isolates inform factors limiting shigellosis prevention and control across LMICs","volume":"7","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab655","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab655","article-title":"Detection of Rift Valley fever virus lineage H from South Africa through the syndromic sentinel surveillance network in Senegal","volume":"9","author":"Bob","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01700","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing for National Surveillance of Shigella flexneri","volume":"8","author":"Chattaway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26353268","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.14.26353268","article-title":"The burden and genomic characterization of Shigella-associated Diarrhea in children under five in Lusaka, Zambia: a prospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Chibuye","year":"2026","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4828","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12823-0","article-title":"Dissecting the molecular evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei","volume":"10","author":"Chung The","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002055","article-title":"South Asia as a reservoir for the global spread of ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Chung The","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref13","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3226","article-title":"Transforming clinical microbiology with bacterial genome sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Didelot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101221","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a top ten global public health threat","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719066","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1719066","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in ESKAPE pathogens: evolutionary pathways, one health transmission, and clinical surveillance","volume":"16","author":"Elbehiry","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.11.012","article-title":"The role of whole genome sequencing in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria: report from the EUCAST subcommittee","volume":"23","author":"Ellington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742888","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1742888","article-title":"Advancing epidemic intelligence: evaluating Senegal\u2019s mpox surveillance system and readiness for AI-driven predictive modelling","volume":"14","author":"Faye","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2026.107737","article-title":"Global distribution and genomic architectures of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Shigella from 1998 to 2025","volume":"67","author":"Geng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08853-3","article-title":"Global monitoring of antimicrobial resistance based on metagenomics analyses of urban sewage","volume":"10","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a025320","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025320","article-title":"Topoisomerase inhibitors: fluoroquinolone mechanisms of action and resistance","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1086\/428052","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones","volume":"41","author":"Jacoby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01974","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01974-24","article-title":"Nalidixic acid\u2014a good marker of fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in Escherichia coli","volume":"13","author":"Kalinen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac969","article-title":"Shigella in Africa: new insights from the vaccine impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study","volume":"76","author":"Kasumba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlae127","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae127","article-title":"Navigating fluoroquinolone resistance in gram-negative bacteria: a comprehensive evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Kherroubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011923","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00119-23","article-title":"Concordance between genotypic and phenotypic drug-resistant profiles of Shigella Isolates from Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China, 2005 to 2016","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002824","article-title":"Routine use of microbial whole genome sequencing in diagnostic and public health microbiology","volume":"8","author":"K\u00f6ser","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the global enteric Multicenter study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad574","article-title":"Shigella detection and molecular serotyping with a customized TaqMan Array card in the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH): Shigella surveillance study","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu468","article-title":"Shigella isolates from the global enteric Multicenter study inform vaccine development","volume":"59","author":"Livio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0067826","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00678-26","article-title":"Draft genome sequences of 22 Shigella sp. isolates recovered from human stool samples in Senegal","volume":"15","author":"Lo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7153","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237153","article-title":"Biological effects of quinolones: a family of broad-Spectrum antimicrobial agents","volume":"26","author":"Millanao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70090","article-title":"Epidemiology of Shigella species in Cameroon: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Minawir","year":"2026","journal-title":"Tropical Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.10.014","article-title":"IncFII plasmid carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Shigella flexneri: vehicle for dissemination","volume":"16","author":"Muthuirulandi Sethuvel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018515","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-018515","article-title":"Burden of Shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections among children under 5 years in Ethiopia, Kenya and Malawi: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Mwendera","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09945-2","article-title":"Prevalence of Shigella species and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Nyarkoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00088-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-17","article-title":"Mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance","volume":"31","author":"Partridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00024","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance; interactions between human, animal, and environmental ecologies","volume":"3","author":"Poirel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx488","article-title":"Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"73","author":"Rozwandowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg222","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase protection","volume":"51","author":"Ruiz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx170","article-title":"Comparison of phenotypic and WGS-derived antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella sonnei isolated from cases of diarrhoeal disease in England and Wales, 2015","volume":"72","author":"Sadouki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10266-7","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases-producing Shigella in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Somda","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"000532","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000532","article-title":"Whole genome sequence analysis of Shigella from Malawi identifies fluoroquinolone resistance","volume":"7","author":"Stenhouse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Genomics"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43345-5","article-title":"The genomic epidemiology of shigellosis in South Africa","volume":"14","author":"Stenhouse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00016-09","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: a multifaceted threat","volume":"22","author":"Strahilevitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.5.2031-2035.2004","article-title":"Detection of Shigella by a PCR assay targeting the ipaH gene suggests increased prevalence of shigellosis in Nha Trang, Vietnam","volume":"42","author":"Thiem","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref48","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref49","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e749","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00534-0","article-title":"The incidence and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella-attributable diarrhoea in young children in low-income and middle-income countries from the multicountry Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study: a prospective, facility-based hybrid surveillance study","volume":"14","author":"Yousafzai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S257877","article-title":"Profiles of gyrA mutations and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Shigella isolates with different levels of fluoroquinolone susceptibility","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1974062\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:58:46Z","timestamp":1791352726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1974062\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1974062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1974062","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"1974062"}}