{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:46:24Z","timestamp":1792658784135,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1210776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1210776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Med"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Accurate diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infected (LTBI) individuals is important in identifying individuals at risk of developing active tuberculosis. Current diagnosis of LTBI routinely relies on the detection and measurement of immune responses using the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) and interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs). However, IGRA, which detects <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> specific IFN-\u03b3, is associated with frequent indeterminate results, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. There is a need to identify more sensitive LTBI point of care diagnostic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of early secreted antigen target 6\u00a0kDa (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) stimulated plasma to identify additional cytokines and chemokines as potential biomarkers of LTBI.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> The levels of 27 cytokines and chemokines were measured by Bio-Plex Pro cytokine, chemokine and growth factor assay in ESAT-6 and CFP-10 co-stimulated plasma from 20 LTBI participants with positive IGRA (Quantiferon TB Gold plus) and 20 healthy controls with negative IGRA. Traditional ELISA was used to validate the abundance of the best performing markers in 70 LTBI and 72 healthy participants. All participants were HIV negative.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> We found that Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1ra) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0056), Interleukin 2 (IL-2) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001), Interleukin 13 (IL-13) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001), Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001), and Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP1b) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0010) were significantly higher in stimulated plasma of LTBI compared to healthy individuals. Stimulated plasma IL-2 (cutoff 100\u00a0pg\/mL), IP-10 (cutoff 300\u00a0pg\/mL) and IL-13 (5\u00a0pg\/mL) showed potential in diagnosing LTBI with PPV = 100%, 0.89.4%, and 80.9% and NPV = 86.9%, 0.85.7%, and 84.2%, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Our data shows that co-stimulating whole blood with ESAT-6 and CFP-10 may help distinguish LTBI from healthy individuals. We also identified IL-2 and IP-10 as potential biomarkers that could be added to the currently used IFN-\u03b3 release assays in detection of LTBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmmed.2024.1345510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T04:34:24Z","timestamp":1706243664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Combined analysis of host IFN-\u03b3, IL-2 and IP-10 as potential LTBI biomarkers in ESAT-6\/CFP-10 stimulated blood"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Antony M.","family":"Rapulana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thabo","family":"Mpotje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omolara O.","family":"Baiyegunhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hlumani","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa K.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohlopheni J.","family":"Marakalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat1482","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat1482","article-title":"Revisiting IL-2: biology and therapeutic prospects","volume":"3","author":"Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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