{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:47:38Z","timestamp":1778626058803,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004054","name":"King Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GCV19-25-1441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCV19-25-1441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.606393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T08:35:07Z","timestamp":1605602107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Combating the Pandemic COVID-19: Clinical Trials, Therapies and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sabna","family":"Kotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hibah Mubarak","family":"Aldawsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaimaa M.","family":"Badr-Eldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabil Abdulhafiz","family":"Alhakamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shadab","family":"Md","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anroop B.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pran Kishore","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109843","article-title":"Is the anti-filarial drug diethylcarbamazine useful to treat COVID-19?","volume":"143","author":"Abeygunasekera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109755","article-title":"Amantadine as a drug to mitigate the effects of COVID-19.","volume":"140","author":"Abreu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e149","article-title":"Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea.","volume":"35","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.04.008","article-title":"CAR T cell therapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic.","volume":"26","author":"Bachanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Convalescent plasma therapy and its effects on COVID-19 patient outcomes: a systematic review of current literature.","volume":"12","author":"Bakhtawar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13209","article-title":"The novel Chinese coronavirus (2019\u2212nCoV) infections: challenges for fighting the storm.","volume":"50","author":"Bassetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.03.025","article-title":"Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug-target interaction deep learning model.","volume":"18","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2020.104659","article-title":"New therapeutic opportunities for COVID-19 patients with Tocilizumab: possible correlation of interleukin-6 receptor inhibitors with osteonecrosis of the jaws.","volume":"106","author":"Bennardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2020-0067","article-title":"Controversies about COVID-19 and anticancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.","volume":"12","author":"Bersanelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_502_20","article-title":"Lopinavir\/ritonavir combination therapy amongst symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 patients in India: Protocol for restricted public health emergency use.","volume":"151","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.04.006","article-title":"Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: An update.","volume":"107","author":"Blaising","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138745","article-title":"Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.","volume":"130","author":"Bloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa008","article-title":"Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel.","volume":"27","author":"Bogoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200908113642","article-title":"Current scenario and future prospect in the management of COVID-19.","volume":"27","author":"Borah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02333-9","article-title":"Anti-IL6R role in treatment of COVID-19-related ARDS.","volume":"18","author":"Buonaguro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787","article-title":"The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.","volume":"178","author":"Caly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe covid-19.","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.03.010","article-title":"Favorable changes of CT findings in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia after treatment with tocilizumab.","volume":"101","author":"Cellina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102442","article-title":"Recommendations for coronavirus infection in rheumatic diseases treated with biologic therapy.","volume":"109","author":"Ceribelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102442","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a primer for emergency physicians.","author":"Chavez","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1631-4","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir for treatment of hepatitis C genotype 1 & 3 in patients undergoing hemodialysis- a prospective interventional clinical trial.","volume":"20","author":"Cheema","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.003","article-title":"Recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19: a case report.","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30141-9","article-title":"Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19.","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2020.100028","article-title":"Can early and high intravenous dose of vitamin C prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1271-9","article-title":"Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong.","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786","article-title":"Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro.","volume":"178","author":"Choy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Home\u2013ClinicalTrials.gov."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105923","article-title":"Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"55","author":"Colson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1086\/375233","article-title":"of low-dose ritonavir in protease inhibitor combination therapy.","volume":"36","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003","article-title":"The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: an overview of the involvement of the chemokine\/chemokine-receptor system.","volume":"53","author":"Coperchini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.03.005","article-title":"A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19.","volume":"57","author":"Cortegiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200416131117","article-title":"SARS CoV-2: recent reports on antiviral therapies based on lopinavir\/ritonavir, darunavir\/umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir and other drugs for the treatment of the new coronavirus.","volume":"27","author":"Costanzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102768","article-title":"Impact of immune enhancement on Covid-19 polyclonal hyperimmune globulin therapy and vaccine development.","volume":"55","author":"de Alwis","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922083117","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection.","volume":"117","author":"De Wit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.81","article-title":"SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses.","volume":"14","author":"De Wit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.002","article-title":"Arbidol combined with LPV\/r versus LPV\/r alone against corona virus disease 2019: 81, e1-e5 A retrospective cohort study.","volume":"81","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109815","article-title":"Does zinc supplementation enhance the clinical efficacy of chloroquine\/hydroxychloroquine to win todays battle against COVID-19?","volume":"142","author":"Derwand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","article-title":"New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?","volume":"55","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25781","article-title":"The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients coinfected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China.","volume":"92","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2020.2990959","article-title":"The role of imaging in the detection and management of COVID-19: a review.","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2020.01012","article-title":"Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Pharmacotherapeutics for the new coronavirus pneumonia.","volume":"43","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chinese J. Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1844","article-title":"Favipiravir: pharmacokinetics and concerns about clinical trials for 2019-nCoV infection.","volume":"108","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004168117","article-title":"Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients.","volume":"117","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.03.019","article-title":"D\u00e9j\u00e0 vu: stimulating open drug discovery for SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"25","author":"Ekins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117592","article-title":"Ribavirin, remdesivir, sofosbuvir, galidesivir, and tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): A molecular docking study.","volume":"253","author":"Elfiky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2007.10.018","article-title":"Evaluation of immunosuppression induced by metronidazole in Balb\/c mice and human peripheral blood lymphocytes.","volume":"8","author":"Fararjeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B48","year":"2020","journal-title":"FDA Letter to Stakeholders: Do Not Use Ivermectin Intended for Animals as Treatment for COVID-19 in Humans | FDA."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109828","article-title":"As a potential treatment of COVID-19: montelukast.","volume":"142","author":"Fidan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02339-3","article-title":"Why tocilizumab could be an effective treatment for severe COVID-19?","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047","article-title":"Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies.","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial.","volume":"56","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-020-00648-x","article-title":"Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection.","volume":"20","author":"Gavriatopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.02.003","article-title":"entry of chikungunya virus into Aedes albopictus cells.","volume":"12","author":"Gay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"B55","article-title":"Metronidazole; a potential novel addition to the COVID-19 treatment regimen.","volume":"8","author":"Gharebaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.ac120.013056","article-title":"The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.","volume":"15","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2014P7","article-title":"Novel Wuhan (2019-NCoV) coronavirus.","volume":"201","author":"Graham Carlos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109826","article-title":"Etoposid-based therapy for severe forms of COVID-19.","volume":"142","author":"Hamizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109835","article-title":"Exercise as medicine for COVID-19: an ACE in the hole?","volume":"142","author":"Heffernan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041225","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control.","volume":"9","author":"Helmy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor.","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States.","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0674-9","article-title":"Insights from nanomedicine into chloroquine efficacy against COVID-19.","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. China.","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.034","article-title":"Treatment options for COVID-19: the reality and challenges.","volume":"53","author":"Jean","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25682","article-title":"Cross\u2212species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019\u2212nCoV.","volume":"92","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117627","article-title":"Virtual screening and repurposing of FDA approved drugs against COVID-19 main protease.","volume":"251","author":"Kandeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104874","article-title":"Nitazoxanide\/azithromycin combination for COVID-19: A suggested new protocol for early management.","volume":"157","author":"Kelleni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2020.04.089","article-title":"Cell-based therapies for COVID-19: proper clinical investigations are essential.","volume":"22","author":"Khoury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3851\/imp3002","article-title":"Combination therapy with lopinavir\/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon-\u03b1 for Middle East respiratory syndrome.","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"B71","first-page":"177","article-title":"EDITORIAL: successful treatment strategy of Turkey against covid-19 outbreak.","volume":"4","author":"Kodaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050486","article-title":"Repurposing antiviral protease inhibitors using extracellular vesicles for potential therapy of COVID-19.","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1126\/science.367.6485.1412","article-title":"Race to find COVID-19 treatments accelerates.","volume":"367","author":"Kupferschmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science (80)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13383","article-title":"A case of exacerbation of psoriasis after oseltamivir and hydroxychloroquine in a patient with COVID-19: Will cases of psoriasis increase after COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"33","author":"Kutlu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01295-8","article-title":"Hopes rise for coronavirus drug remdesivir.","author":"Ledford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200236","article-title":"CT imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-NCoV) pneumonia.","volume":"295","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2020.0228","article-title":"Transplantation of ACE2- mesenchymal stem cells improves the outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.","volume":"11","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives.","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1021\/ci300375k","article-title":"Theoretical studies on the susceptibility of oseltamivir against variants of 2009 A\/H1N1 influenza neuraminidase.","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia.","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.001","article-title":"Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19.","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000021429","article-title":"Clinical remission of a critically ill COVID-19 patient treated by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.","volume":"99","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B83","article-title":"Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of COVID-19 infection in Korea: the application of lopinavir\/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 infected pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR.","volume":"35","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102452","article-title":"Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)?","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"B86","first-page":"143","article-title":"Vademecum for the treatment of people with COVID-19. Edition 2.0, 13 March 2020.","volume":"28","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infez Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01020","article-title":"Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV).","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678","article-title":"Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: the mystery and the miracle.","volume":"92","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding.","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B90","first-page":"814","article-title":"Positive SARS-Cov-2 test in a woman with COVID-19 at 22 days after hospital discharge: a case report.","volume":"92","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chinese Med. Sci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25801","article-title":"Tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19: A single center experience.","volume":"92","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2020.100039","article-title":"PAK1-blockers: Potential Therapeutics against COVID-19.","volume":"6","author":"Maruta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B93","article-title":"Optimisation of Vitamin D Status for Enhanced Immuno-protection Against Covid-19.","volume":"113","author":"McCartney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir. Med. J."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104859","article-title":"Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.","volume":"157","author":"McKee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2020.100019","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and management of COVID-19 pneumonia.","volume":"5","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.03.300","article-title":"Tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 receptor antibody, to treat Covid-19-related respiratory failure: a case report.","volume":"31","author":"Michot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217442","article-title":"COVID-19 in a patient with systemic sclerosis treated with tocilizumab for SSc-ILD.","volume":"79","author":"Mihai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00254","article-title":"Lung surfactant for pulmonary barrier restoration in patients With COVID-19 pneumonia.","volume":"7","author":"Mirastschijski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1752802","article-title":"Computational studies of drug repurposing and synergism of lopinavir, oseltamivir and ritonavir binding with SARS-CoV-2 Protease against COVID-19.","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040307","article-title":"Origin, potential therapeutic targets and treatment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19).","volume":"9","author":"Nadeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog"},{"key":"B101","article-title":"New medical indications for thalidomide and its derivatives.","volume":"12","author":"Newfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. J. Lander Coll. Arts Sci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105964","article-title":"Perspectives: potential therapeutic options for SARS-CoV-2 patients based on feline infectious peritonitis strategies: central nervous system invasion and drug coverage.","volume":"55","author":"Olsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30304-4","article-title":"Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease.","volume":"395","author":"Peter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109765","article-title":"Plausible mechanisms of Niclosamide as an antiviral agent against COVID-19.","volume":"140","author":"Pindiprolu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110081","article-title":"Surfactant-based prophylaxis and therapy against COVID-19: A possibility.","volume":"143","author":"Pramod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105967","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib is not an ideal option for management of COVID-19.","volume":"55","author":"Praveen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109814","article-title":"Is copper beneficial for COVID-19 patients?","volume":"142","author":"Raha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000722","article-title":"Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study.","volume":"133","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.04.004","article-title":"Effect of metronidazole and modulation of cytokine production on human periodontal ligament cells.","volume":"10","author":"Rizzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4940","article-title":"Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: possibilities and challenges.","volume":"323","author":"Roback","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102554","article-title":"Convalescent plasma in Covid-19: possible mechanisms of action.","volume":"19","author":"Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2020.40","article-title":"Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment.","volume":"44","author":"Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433","article-title":"The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak.","volume":"109","author":"Rothan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104791","article-title":"Type 1 interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19.","volume":"178","author":"Sallard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082932","article-title":"A. Miani, Airborne transmission route of COVID-19: why 2 meters\/6 feet of inter-personal distance could not be enough.","volume":"17","author":"Setti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117652","article-title":"In silico studies on therapeutic agents for COVID-19: Drug repurposing approach.","volume":"252","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104793","article-title":"Remdesivir and SARS-CoV-2: structural requirements at both nsp12 RdRp and nsp14 Exonuclease active-sites.","volume":"178","author":"Shannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 Critically Ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma.","volume":"323","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.03.011","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries.","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106080","article-title":"COVID-19 treatment: close to a cure? \u2013 a rapid review of pharmacotherapies for the novel coronavirus department of pharmacy services.","volume":"56","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00956.x","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of convalescent plasma with continuing high-dose methylprednisolone treatment in SARS patients.","volume":"10","author":"Soo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B122","article-title":"Benign COVID-19 in an immunocompromised cancer patient - the case of a married couple.","volume":"150","author":"Spezzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-23195\/v1","article-title":"Mechanism of baricitinib supports artificial intelligence\u2212predicted testing in COVID\u221219 patients.","volume":"12","author":"Stebbing","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109762","article-title":"The powerful immune system against powerful COVID-19: a hypothesis.","volume":"140","author":"Taghizadeh-Hesary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1256","article-title":"Covid-19: FDA approves use of convalescent plasma to treat critically ill patients.","volume":"368","author":"Tanne","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729069","article-title":"Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody.","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762","article-title":"Of chloroquine and COVID-19.","volume":"177","author":"Touret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.009","article-title":"Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants.","volume":"10","author":"ul Qamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1.","volume":"382","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138277","article-title":"COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic.","volume":"725","author":"Vellingiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69","article-title":"Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread.","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.1.8680699","article-title":"Bronchoscopic surfactant administration in patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis.","volume":"154","author":"Walmrath","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B133","article-title":"A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948","article-title":"A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence.","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro.","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01030","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment.","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa272","article-title":"Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China.","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. an Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B138","year":"2020","journal-title":"WHO\/Europe | Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak - WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10060294","article-title":"The interplay of viral and host factors in chikungunya virus infection: targets for antiviral strategies.","volume":"10","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.02.008","article-title":"Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods.","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab.","volume":"117","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).","volume":"71","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B143","first-page":"3390","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019.","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01342-0","article-title":"The correlation between viral clearance and biochemical outcomes of 94 COVID-19 infected discharged patients.","volume":"69","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res. Off. J. Eur. Histamine Res. Soc."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105955","article-title":"The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.","volume":"55","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954","article-title":"The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist Tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality.","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30071-0","article-title":"Therapeutic and triage strategies for 2019 novel coronavirus disease in fever clinics.","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001907","article-title":"First case of COVID-19 in a patient with multiple myeloma successfully treated with tocilizumab.","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104358","article-title":"Challenges of convalescent plasma therapy on COVID-19.","volume":"127","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.050","article-title":"Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: a data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak.","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2020.606393\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T11:55:54Z","timestamp":1669636554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2020.606393\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"references-count":150,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmolb.2020.606393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2020.606393","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-889X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-889X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"article-number":"606393"}}