{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:43:30Z","timestamp":1788925410012,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report on the fabrication and characterisation of graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensors for the detection of Clusterin, a prominent protein biomarker of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). The GFET sensors were fabricated on Si\/SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> substrate using photolithographic patterning and metal lift-off techniques with evaporated chromium and sputtered gold contacts. Raman Spectroscopy was performed on the devices to determine the quality of the graphene. The GFETs were annealed to improve their performance before the channels were functionalized by immobilising the graphene surface with linker molecules and anti-Clusterin antibodies. Concentration of linker molecules was also independently verified by absorption spectroscopy using the highly collimated micro-beam light of Diamond B23 beamline. The detection was achieved through the binding reaction between the antibody and varying concentrations of Clusterin antigen from 1 to 100 pg\/mL, as well as specificity tests using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein risk biomarker of certain cancers. The GFETs were characterized using direct current (DC) 4-probe electrical resistance (4-PER) measurements, which demonstrated a limit of detection of the biosensors to be \u223c 300 fg\/mL (4 fM). Comparison with back-gated Dirac voltage shifts with varying concentration of Clusterin show 4-PER measurements to be more accurate, at present, and point to a requirement for further optimisation of the fabrication processes for our next generation of GFET sensors. Thus, we have successfully fabricated a promising set of GFET biosensors for the detection of Clusterin protein biomarker. The developed GFET biosensors are entirely generic and also have the potential to be applied to a variety of other disease detection applications such as Parkinson\u2019s, cancer, and cardiovascular.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.651232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T05:41:41Z","timestamp":1616737301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Graphene FET Sensors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Protein Biomarker Clusterin Detection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Theodore","family":"Bungon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Haslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar","family":"Damiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"O\u2019Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Whitley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Siligardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Charmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakil A.","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facts for the Media."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"334","author":"Awan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coaxial Electrical Circuits for Interference-Free Measurements."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/3\/1\/015010","article-title":"\u201cTransport conductivity of graphene at RF and microwave frequencies.","volume":"3","author":"Awan","year":"2016","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2011.3663","article-title":"Label-free detection of DNA hybridization using pyrene-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes: effect of chemical structures of pyrene molecules on DNA sensing performance.","volume":"11","author":"Baek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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