{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T08:32:54Z","timestamp":1793694774522,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses known as Betacoronavirus in Coronaviridae, first reported late 2019 in China. It has since been circulating world-wide, causing the COVID-19 epidemic with high infectivity and fatality rates. As of the beginning of April 2021, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 130 million people and led to more than 2.84 million deaths. Given the severity of the epidemic, scientists from academia and industry are rushing to identify antiviral strategies to combat the disease. There are several strategies in antiviral drugs for coronaviruses including empirical testing of known antiviral drugs, large-scale phenotypic screening of compound libraries and target-based drug discovery. To date, an increasing number of drugs have been shown to have anti-coronavirus activities<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, but only remdesivir and several neutralizing antibodies have been approved by the US FDA for treating COVID-19. However, remdesivir\u2019s clinical effects are controversial and new antiviral drugs are still urgently needed. We will discuss the current status of the drug discovery efforts against COVID-19 and potential future directions. With the ever-increasing movability of human population and globalization of world economy, emerging and reemerging viral infectious diseases seriously threaten public health. Particularly the past and ongoing outbreaks of coronaviruses cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic and neurological diseases in infected animals and human (<jats:xref>Woo et al., 2009<\/jats:xref>). The human coronavirus (HCoV) strains (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1) usually cause common cold with mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections. By contrast, the emergence of three deadly human betacoronaviruses, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) (<jats:xref>Zaki et al., 2012<\/jats:xref>), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (<jats:xref>Lee et al., 2003<\/jats:xref>), the SARS-CoV-2 (<jats:xref>Jin et al., 2020a<\/jats:xref>) highlight the need to identify new treatment strategies for viral infections. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19 disease named by World Health Organization (WHO) (<jats:xref>Zhu N. et al., 2020<\/jats:xref>). This disease manifests as either an asymptomatic infection or a mild to severe pneumonia. This pandemic disease causes extent morbidity and mortality in the whole world, especially regions out of China. Similar to SARS and MERS, the SARS CoV-2 genome encodes four structural proteins, sixteen non-structural proteins (nsp) and accessory proteins. The structural proteins include spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleoprotein (N). The spike glycoprotein directly recognizes and engages cellular receptors during viral entry. The four non-structural proteins including papain-like protease (PL<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>), 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>), helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are key enzymes involved in viral transcription and replication. The spike and the four key enzymes were considered attractive targets to develop antiviral agents (<jats:xref>Zumla et al., 2016<\/jats:xref>). The catalytic sites of the four enzymes of SARS-CoV2 share high similarities with SARS CoV and MERS in genomic sequences (<jats:xref>Morse et al., 2020<\/jats:xref>). Besides, the structures of the key drug-binding pockets are highly conserved among the three coronaviruses (<jats:xref>Morse et al., 2020<\/jats:xref>). Therefore, it follows naturally that existing anti-SARS-CoV and anti-MERS drugs targeting these enzymes can be repurposed for SARS-CoV-2. Based on previous studies in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it is anticipated a number of therapeutics can be used to control or prevent emerging infectious disease COVID-19 (<jats:xref>Li and de Clercq, 2020<\/jats:xref>;<jats:xref>Wang et al., 2020c<\/jats:xref>;<jats:xref>Ita, 2021<\/jats:xref>), these include small-molecule drugs, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies. Given the urgency of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, here we discuss the discovery and development of new therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the strategies from which the new drugs are derived.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.671263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T08:13:30Z","timestamp":1620893610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Current Strategies of Antiviral Drug Discovery for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2033130","article-title":"A neutralizing monoclonal antibody for hospitalized patients with Covid-19.","volume":"384","author":"Lundgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.143129","article-title":"Dissecting strategies to tune the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific monoclonal antibody CR3022.","volume":"6","author":"Atyeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.03.025","article-title":"Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug-target interaction deep learning model.","volume":"18","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.04.006","article-title":"Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: an update.","volume":"107","author":"Blaising","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.08.001","article-title":"The proper use of corticosteroids for 2019-nCov pneumonia: towards promising results?","volume":"82","author":"Boglione","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857","article-title":"Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"3","author":"Borba","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13533","article-title":"Camostat mesylate against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19-rationale, dosing and safety.","volume":"128","author":"Breining","year":"2021","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.88a.ccc073","article-title":"Baricitinib and dexamethasone for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.","author":"Calabrese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clevel. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787","article-title":"The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.","volume":"178","author":"Caly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19.","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.025","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 identified by high-throughput single-cell sequencing of convalescent patients\u2019 B Cells.","volume":"182","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000023582","article-title":"Anti-IL6 treatment of serious COVID-19 disease: a monocentric retrospective experience.","volume":"100","author":"Castelnovo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020031720037432","article-title":"Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial.","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Potential natural compounds for preventing SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) infection.","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprints."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa241","article-title":"Antiviral activity and safety of darunavir\/cobicistat for the treatment of COVID-19.","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2029849","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in outpatients with Covid-19.","volume":"384","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.87a.ccc037","article-title":"COVID-19 treatment: combining anti-inflammatory and antiviral therapeutics using a network-based approach.","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6952","article-title":"A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"369","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194868","article-title":"MERS-CoV pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells.","volume":"13","author":"Cong","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00835-2","article-title":"Therapeutically administered ribonucleoside analogue MK-4482\/EIDD-2801 blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets.","volume":"6","author":"Cox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4489","article-title":"Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease.","volume":"368","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201900841","article-title":"New nucleoside analogues for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections.","volume":"14","author":"de Clercq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00102-15","article-title":"Approved antiviral drugs over the past 50 years.","volume":"29","author":"de Clercq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0732-8","article-title":"COVID-19 antibodies on trial.","volume":"38","author":"DeFrancesco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1051-9","article-title":"An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival.","volume":"26","author":"del Valle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01897-20","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, open-label trial of early versus late favipiravir therapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.","volume":"64","author":"Doi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03036-14","article-title":"Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.","volume":"58","author":"Dyall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30383-2","article-title":"Death threats after a trial on chloroquine for COVID-19.","volume":"20","author":"Ektorp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117592","article-title":"Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): a molecular docking study.","volume":"253","author":"Elfiky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa331","article-title":"The impact of sofosbuvir\/daclatasvir or ribavirin in patients with severe COVID-19.","volume":"75","author":"Eslami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13958","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.ac120.013788","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by type I and type III interferons.","volume":"295","author":"Felgenhauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1432","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19.","volume":"369","author":"Ferner","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-05267-x","article-title":"How artificial intelligence is changing drug discovery.","volume":"557","author":"Fleming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.027","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase.","volume":"93","author":"Furuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20501-9","article-title":"Antibody neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 through ACE2 receptor mimicry.","volume":"12","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00568-6","article-title":"A data-driven drug repositioning framework discovered a potential therapeutic agent targeting COVID-19.","volume":"6","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15369","article-title":"Understanding SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis for COVID-19 drug repurposing.","volume":"287","author":"Glebov","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015301","article-title":"Remdesivir for 5 or 10 days in patients with severe Covid-19.","volume":"383","author":"Goldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-007-9000-9","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and interactions of ivermectin in humans\u2013a mini-review.","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez Canga","year":"2008","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.","volume":"583","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","article-title":"Influenza A viruses escape from MxA restriction at the expense of efficient nuclear vRNP import.","volume":"6","author":"Gotz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19.","volume":"382","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.07.429299","article-title":"A human antibody with blocking activity to RBD proteins of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants including B.1.351 showed potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques.","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B44","article-title":"Network medicine framework for identifying drug repurposing opportunities for COVID-19.","author":"Gysi","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2901-9","article-title":"Identification of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors using lung and colonic organoids.","volume":"589","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0827","article-title":"Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail.","volume":"369","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor.","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2575-3","article-title":"Chloroquine does not inhibit infection of human lung cells with SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"585","author":"Hoffmann","year":"","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States.","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.09.010","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): current status and prospects for drug and vaccine development.","volume":"52","author":"Ita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00819-20","article-title":"Identification of antiviral drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-approved drugs.","volume":"64","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040372","article-title":"Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19.","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2223-y","article-title":"Structure of M(pro) from SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its inhibitors.","volume":"582","author":"Jin","year":"","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-0440-6","article-title":"Structural basis for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease by antineoplastic drug carmofur.","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.30.318972","article-title":"LY-CoV555, a rapidly isolated potent neutralizing antibody, provides protection in a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2380-z","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection.","volume":"584","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617020114","article-title":"Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol.","volume":"114","author":"Kadam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994","article-title":"Baricitinib plus remdesivir for hospitalized adults with Covid-19.","volume":"384","author":"Kalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.03.012","article-title":"Lack of efficacy of ivermectin for prevention of a lethal Zika virus infection in a murine system.","volume":"95","author":"Ketkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030685","article-title":"A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong.","volume":"348","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00016-0","article-title":"Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.02.007","article-title":"Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus.","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus.","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104704","article-title":"Deguelin inhibits HCV replication through suppressing cellular autophagy via down regulation of Beclin1 expression in human hepatoma cells.","volume":"174","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau9135","article-title":"A direct-acting antiviral drug abrogates viremia in Zika virus-infected rhesus macaques.","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.12.015","article-title":"Disulfiram can inhibit MERS and SARS coronavirus papain-like proteases via different modes.","volume":"150","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.10.004","article-title":"Nuclear import and export inhibitors alter capsid protein distribution in mammalian cells and reduce Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus replication.","volume":"100","author":"Lundberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00130","article-title":"Ebselen, disulfiram, carmofur, PX-12, tideglusib, and shikonin are nonspecific promiscuous SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors.","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4670","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00397","article-title":"Repurposing of FDA-approved toremifene to treat COVID-19 by blocking the spike glycoprotein and NSP14 of SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks147","article-title":"Ivermectin is a potent inhibitor of flavivirus replication specifically targeting NS3 helicase activity: new prospects for an old drug.","volume":"67","author":"Mastrangelo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa441","article-title":"Safety of hydroxychloroquine and darunavir or lopinavir in COVID-19 infection.","volume":"76","author":"Meriglier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01933-17","article-title":"Entry of human coronavirus NL63 into the Cell.","volume":"92","author":"Milewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2021.1875886","article-title":"RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) as a drug target for SARS-CoV2.","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19.","volume":"368","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000047","article-title":"Learning from the past: possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute respiratory infections caused by 2019-nCoV.","volume":"21","author":"Morse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics.","volume":"381","author":"Mulangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05698-w","article-title":"Effect of Arbidol (Umifenovir) on COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"20","author":"Nojomi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110614","article-title":"The natural flavonoid compound deguelin inhibits HCMV lytic replication within fibroblasts.","volume":"10","author":"Nukui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106177","article-title":"Design of novel viral attachment inhibitors of the spike glycoprotein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) through virtual screening and dynamics.","volume":"56","author":"Oany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.204","article-title":"Novel insights into the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: an overview of current clinical trials.","volume":"165","author":"Oroojalian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2016.1265519","article-title":"Evaluation of polyphenols from Broussonetia papyrifera as coronavirus protease inhibitors.","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10059","DOI":"10.33263\/briac113.1005910073","article-title":"Potential exploration of recent FDA-approved anticancer drugs against models of SARS-CoV-2\u2032s main protease and spike glycoprotein: a computational study.","volume":"11","author":"Parveen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2349-y","article-title":"Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody.","volume":"583","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B85","article-title":"Therapeutic options for COVID-19: a review.","volume":"12","author":"Pujari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.009","article-title":"Use of ivermectin is associated with lower mortality in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: the ivermectin in COVID nineteen study.","volume":"159","author":"Rajter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 - preliminary report.","volume":"384","author":"Recovery Collaborative Group, Horby","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2577-1","article-title":"Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs through large-scale compound repurposing.","volume":"586","author":"Riva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China.","volume":"46","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30317-2","article-title":"Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury.","volume":"395","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(06)70361-9","article-title":"New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine.","volume":"6","author":"Savarino","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(06)70875-0","article-title":"Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies.","volume":"7","author":"Savarino","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30361-5","article-title":"On the use of corticosteroids for 2019-nCoV pneumonia.","volume":"395","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses.","volume":"9","author":"Sheahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb5883","article-title":"An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice.","volume":"12","author":"Sheahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2381-y","article-title":"A human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"584","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001967","article-title":"Experimental treatment with favipiravir for Ebola virus disease (the JIKI Trial): a historically controlled, single-arm proof-of-concept trial in Guinea.","volume":"13","author":"Sissoko","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012697","article-title":"Mechanism of baricitinib supports artificial intelligence-predicted testing in COVID-19 patients.","volume":"12","author":"Stebbing","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028836","article-title":"Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with Covid-19.","volume":"383","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.008","article-title":"In vivo structural characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome identifies host proteins vulnerable to repurposed drugs.","volume":"184","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.06.002","article-title":"Nuclear localization of dengue virus (DENV) 1-4 non-structural protein 5; protection against all 4 DENV serotypes by the inhibitor ivermectin.","volume":"99","author":"Tay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762","article-title":"Of chloroquine and COVID-19.","volume":"177","author":"Touret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072657","article-title":"A review of SARS-CoV-2 and the ongoing clinical trials.","volume":"21","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.142","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of favipiravir, an oral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, in mild-to-moderate COVID-19: a randomized, comparative, open-label, multicenter, phase 3 clinical trial.","volume":"103","author":"Udwadia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105998","article-title":"Arbidol: a potential antiviral drug for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 by blocking trimerization of the spike glycoprotein.","volume":"56","author":"Vankadari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037","article-title":"The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection.","volume":"76","author":"Verdecchia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20120150","article-title":"Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin alpha\/beta-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus.","volume":"443","author":"Wagstaff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03312-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection is effectively treated and prevented by EIDD-2801.","volume":"591","author":"Wahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B109","article-title":"A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B110","article-title":"CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells.","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro.","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587269","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development.","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.045","article-title":"Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2.","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B114","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of intravenous remdesivir in adult patients with severe COVID-19: study protocol for a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa272","article-title":"Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China.","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys.","volume":"531","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B117","first-page":"9","article-title":"Early antiviral therapy of abidol combined with lopinavir\/ritonavir and recombinant interferon \u03b1-2b for patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang: a multicenter prospective study.","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2035002","article-title":"REGN-COV2, a neutralizing antibody cocktail, in outpatients with covid-19.","volume":"384","author":"Weinreich","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4058","article-title":"Plitidepsin has potent preclinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein eEF1A.","volume":"371","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2023184","article-title":"Repurposed antiviral drugs for Covid-19 \u2013 interim WHO solidarity trial results.","volume":"384","author":"WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2423-5","article-title":"Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"585","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3181\/0903-mr-94","article-title":"Coronavirus diversity, phylogeny and interspecies jumping.","volume":"234","author":"Woo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation.","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.02.008","article-title":"Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods.","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.023","article-title":"Identification of human single-domain antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc2241","article-title":"A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2.","volume":"368","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0305-x","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion.","volume":"30","author":"Xia","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0374-2","article-title":"Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein.","volume":"17","author":"Xia","year":"","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B129","first-page":"375","article-title":"Clinical observation on 34 patients with novel coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID\u201319) treated with intergrated traditional Chinese and western medicine.","volume":"61","author":"Xia","year":"","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6532","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01043-16","article-title":"Identification of nafamostat as a potent inhibitor of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein-mediated membrane fusion using the split-protein-based cell-cell fusion assay.","volume":"60","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2012.165","article-title":"Anti-malaria drug chloroquine is highly effective in treating avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in an animal model.","volume":"23","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/abt\/tbaa020","article-title":"COVID-19 antibody therapeutics tracker: a global online database of antibody therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antib. Ther."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7269","article-title":"A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.","volume":"368","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc3582","article-title":"TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes.","volume":"5","author":"Zang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00316","article-title":"Repurpose open data to discover therapeutics for COVID-19 using deep learning.","volume":"19","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000000790","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness and safety of ribavirin plus interferon-alpha, lopinavir\/ritonavir plus interferon-alpha, and ribavirin plus lopinavir\/ritonavir plus interferon-alpha in patients with mild to moderate novel coronavirus disease 2019: study protocol.","volume":"133","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.02.005","article-title":"In silico screening of Chinese herbal medicines with the potential to directly inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus.","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00589","article-title":"Current findings regarding natural components with potential anti-2019-nCoV activity.","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin.","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B141","article-title":"Potential benefits of precise corticosteroids therapy for severe 2019-nCoV pneumonia.","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"B142","article-title":"Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV\/SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e667","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30192-8","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in COVID-19 drug repurposing.","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019.","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.060","article-title":"Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir\/ritonavir in treating COVID-19.","volume":"81","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.37","article-title":"Coronaviruses \u2013 drug discovery and therapeutic options.","volume":"15","author":"Zumla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2021.671263\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T06:29:00Z","timestamp":1672122540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2021.671263\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":146,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmolb.2021.671263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2021.671263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-889X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-889X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"article-number":"671263"}}