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In this study, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cell models of ATDC5 and chondrocytes were prepared and cultured with different concentrations of galactose to evaluate its capacity on chondrogenesis and cartilage matrix formation. The cell proliferation assay demonstrated that galactose was nontoxic to both ATDC5 cells and chondrocytes. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining indicated that the gene expressions of cartilage matrix type II collagen and aggrecan were significantly upregulated with increasing galactose concentration and the expression and accumulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein. Overall, these results indicated that a galactose concentration below 8\u00a0mM exhibited the best effect on promoting chondrogenesis, which entitles galactose as having considerable potential for cartilage repair and regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.850778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T05:29:03Z","timestamp":1652074143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Galactose Enhances Chondrogenic Differentiation of ATDC5 and Cartilage Matrix Formation by Chondrocytes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhongrun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangyuan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renjian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-3371(90)90079-C","article-title":"A Chondrogenic Cell Line Derived from a Differentiating Culture of AT805 Teratocarcinoma Cells","volume":"30","author":"Atsumi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cel Differ. 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