{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:54:50Z","timestamp":1767833690838,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Acute complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus such as diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and hypoglycemia (HG) are detrimental in a short- and long-term perspective. Restoration of normoglycemia and correction of pH do not mean that all metabolic disturbances caused by HG or DKA are immediately reversed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to identify serum metabolic changes caused by an episode of DKA and HG that may indicate the mechanisms contributing to long-term consequences of DKA\/HG.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and methods:<\/jats:bold> Four groups of children with type 1 diabetes were recruited. The first two study groups included patients after an episode of DKA or HG, respectively. Additionally, two comparative groups were recruited\u2014children with established type 1 diabetes (EDM) and patients with newly diagnosed diabetes without diabetes ketoacidosis (NDM). Serum samples were collected in three group-specific time points (since the hospital admission): HG 0h-12h\u201348h; DKA or NDM 0h-24h\u201372\u00a0h; and one random fasting sample from patients with EDM. Two batches of 100 samples each were created: for DKA batch 20 \u00d7 3 DKA patients, 10 \u00d7 3 NDM and 10 EDM; for HG batch: 10 \u00d7 3 HG patients, 25 EDM and 15 \u00d7 3 NDM. All patients within the batches were age and sex matched. Metabolic fingerprinting was performed with LC-QTOF-MS.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Four metabolites were associated with a DKA episode occurring in the preceding 72\u00a0h: three were found higher after the DKA episode versus comparative groups: lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (18:1), sphingomyelins (SM) (34:0 and d18:0\/15:0), and one was found lower: LPC (18:0). Similarly, four metabolites were identified for the HG episode in the last 48\u00a0h: three were found higher after the HG episode versus comparative groups: two lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPE) (18:2 and 20:3) and one LPC (18:2); and one was found lower after the HG episode: oxy-phosphatidylocholine (PC O-34:4).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> We found eight metabolites whose levels may be traced in the serum, indicating the DKA or HG episode for up to 72\u00a0h and 48\u00a0h, respectively. Acute complications of diabetes may cause persistent metabolic disturbances long after pH and glucose level normalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.869116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T05:03:05Z","timestamp":1655960585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multi-Timepoint Metabolic Fingerprinting of a Post-Episode Period of Hypoglycemia and Ketoacidosis Among Children With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Beata","family":"Ma\u0142achowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Pietrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"M\u0142ynarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szadkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kr\u0119towski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ciborowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Fendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12698","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Assessment and Management of Hypoglycemia in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Abraham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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