{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:02:47Z","timestamp":1778864567434,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005150","name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005150","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> To reveal molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Asians and facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets through untargeted metabolomics. To determine the differences in serum metabolites and metabolic pathways between different stages of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) and proliferative DR (PDR) and non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and identify differential metabolites between T2DM and DR (NPDR and PDR) patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> This prospective observational registration study described the differential metabolites between 45 T2DM patients and 15 control cases with no significant differences in clinical characteristics. Their biospecimens and clinical information were collected and recorded in their medical reports. DR phenotypes of the subjects were verified by retina specialists. Serum metabolites were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography. Untargeted metabolomics was performed on serum samples from 15 T2DM patients, 15 non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients, 15 proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients, and 15 diabetic controls. Discriminatory metabolic features were identified through partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and generalized linear regression models.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Result:<\/jats:bold> Through untargeted metabolomics, 931 features (523 in positive and 408 in negative modes) with 102 common metabolites highly relevant to the presence of DR were detected. In the adjusted analysis, 67 metabolic features differed significantly between T2DM and NPDR patients. Pathway analysis revealed alterations in metabolisms of amino acids and fatty acids. Glutamate, phosphatidylcholine, and 13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (13-PHODE) were key contributors to these pathway differences. A total of 171 features distinguished PDR patients from T2DM patients, and pathway analysis revealed alterations in amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, ornithine, N-acetyl-<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-glutamate, N-acetyl-<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-aspartate, citrate, succinate, N-(L-arginino)succinate, 2-oxoglutarate, 13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, methionine, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, N(pi)-methyl-<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-histidine, phosphatidylcholine, and linoleate were major contributors to the pathway differences. Between NPDR patients and PDR patients, there were 79 significant differential metabolites. Enrichment pathway analysis showed changes in amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, pantothenate, and CoA biosynthesis. Aspartate, glutamine, N-acetyl-<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-glutamate, N-acetyl-<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-aspartate, pantothenate, dihomo-gamma-linolenate, docosahexaenoic acid, and icosapentaenoic acid were key factors for the differences of these pathways.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> This study demonstrated that the pathways of arginine biosynthesis metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, as well as <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glutamine and <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glutamate metabolism, were dysregulated in DR patients of the Asian population. Increased levels of glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, N-acetyl-<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-glutamate, and N-acetyl-<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-aspartate and decreased levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenate, docosahexaenoic, and icosapentaenoic were considered as the metabolic profile that could distinguish PDR from NPDR in Asians. Phosphatidylcholine and 13-PHODE were identified as two major novel metabolite markers in advanced stages of DR in our study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.871291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T07:24:09Z","timestamp":1654759449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Serum Untargeted Metabolomics Reveal Potential Biomarkers of Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Asians"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zongyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enzhong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianru","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lvzhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.116.023233","article-title":"Plasma Lipidomic Profiles Improve on Traditional Risk Factors for the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"134","author":"Alshehry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621938","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.621938","article-title":"The Role of Lipoxidation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Augustine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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