{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T03:04:14Z","timestamp":1792206254964,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Because, as of yet, there are few new antibiotics active against multidrug-resistant bacteria are being explored, compounds including metabolites that might help us tide over this crisis are greatly expected. A recently adopted method to evaluate the potentiation of metabolites is the plate-counting test. However, the method is time-consuming, strenuous, and unfeasible for a large scale of screening. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test by using a microtitre plate dilution method is convenient and economic for a large scale of identification, but it cannot be used to detect the potentiation. Here, the microtitre plate dilution method was modified to develop a novel test for evaluating metabolites that enable the killing of bacterial pathogens by antibiotics, designed as minimum killing concentration (MKC). To do this, bacterial number, incubation time, ionic strength of M9 medium, and inosine concentration are optimized using <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. Different from the MIC test, which uses 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> CFU cells and performed in LB medium, the MKC test needed 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\u00a0CFU - 2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\u00a0CFU\u00a0cells and was carried out in M9 medium. Moreover, MKC test was suitable for bactericidal antibiotics such as cephalosporins, penicillins and carbapenems and was proportional to the plate-counting test. The developed MKC test was feasible for different metabolites and clinically multidrug-resistant pathogens, and measurement of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Therefore, the MKC test was developed to accelerate the identification of compounds that promote antibiotic-mediated killing efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.878651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T03:07:42Z","timestamp":1656385662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Microtitre Plate Dilution Method for Minimum Killing Concentration Is Developed to Evaluate Metabolites-Enabled Killing of Bacteria by \u03b2-lactam Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jian-jun","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan-juan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-fang","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan-xian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10069","article-title":"Metabolite-enabled Eradication of Bacterial Persisters by Aminoglycosides","volume":"473","author":"Allison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.5","article-title":"Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations","volume":"48","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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