{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T14:41:55Z","timestamp":1793889715555,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is caused by the destruction or mutation of cellular genetic materials induced by environmental or genetic factors. It is defined by uncontrolled cell proliferation and abnormality of the apoptotic pathways. The majority of human malignancies are characterized by distant metastasis and dissemination. Currently, the most common means of cancer treatment include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, which usually damage healthy cells and cause toxicity in patients. Targeted therapy is an effective tumor treatment method with few side effects. At present, some targeted therapeutic drugs have achieved encouraging results in clinical studies, but finding an effective solution to improve the targeting and delivery efficiency of these drugs remains a challenge. In recent years, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been used to direct the tumor-targeted therapy or immunotherapy. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a solid oncolytic agent capable of directly killing tumor cells and increasing tumor antigen exposure. Simultaneously, NDV can trigger the proliferation of tumor-specific immune cells and thus improve the therapeutic efficacy of NDV in cancer. Based on NDV\u2019s inherent oncolytic activity and the stimulation of antitumor immune responses, the combination of NDV and other tumor therapy approaches can improve the antitumor efficacy while reducing drug toxicity, indicating a broad application potential. We discussed the biological properties of NDV, the antitumor molecular mechanisms of oncolytic NDV, and its application in the field of tumor therapy in this review. Furthermore, we presented new insights into the challenges that NDV will confront and suggestions for increasing NDV\u2019s therapeutic efficacy in cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.889403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T05:53:31Z","timestamp":1656914011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Development of Molecular Mechanisms and Their Application on Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus in Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanjing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youni","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yigang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Ru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/386470","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus Interaction in Targeted Therapy against Proliferation and Invasion Pathways of Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"2014","author":"Abdullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4086","article-title":"IL-7 and CCL19 Expression in CAR-T Cells Improves Immune Cell Infiltration and CAR-T Cell Survival in the Tumor","volume":"36","author":"Adachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2019.00090","article-title":"2-Deoxyglucose and Newcastle Disease Virus Synergize to Kill Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibition of Glycolysis Pathway through Glyceraldehyde3-Phosphate Downregulation","volume":"6","author":"Al-Shammari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-020-01514-2","article-title":"Hexokinase Inhibition Using D-Mannoheptulose Enhances Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus-Mediated Killing of Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"20","author":"Al-Ziaydi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-020-00612-z","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus Suppress Glycolysis Pathway and Induce Breast Cancer Cells Death","volume":"31","author":"Al-Ziaydi","year":"2020","journal-title":"VirusDis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.10.020","article-title":"The Interferon Antagonistic Activities of the V Proteins from Two Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus Correlate with Their Known Virulence Properties","volume":"147","author":"Alamares","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.231","article-title":"Engineered Newcastle Disease Virus as an Improved Oncolytic Agent against Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Altomonte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23658","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.23658","article-title":"Uncovering a Novel Mechanism Whereby NK Cells Interfere with Glioblastoma Virotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Alvarez-Breckenridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-016-0273-0","article-title":"Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing P53 Demonstrates Promising Antitumor Efficiency in Hepatoma Model","volume":"23","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2017.10.001","article-title":"Quantification and Phenotypic Characterisation of Peripheral IFN-\u03b3 Producing Leucocytes in Chickens Vaccinated against Newcastle Disease","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0623-z","article-title":"Final Analyses of OPTiM: a Randomized Phase III Trial of Talimogene Laherparepvec versus Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Unresectable Stage III-IV Melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Andtbacka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.10.3071","article-title":"Liver Pathology in Rats Treated with Newcastle Disease Virus Strains AF2240 and V4-UPM","volume":"20","author":"Assayaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.29686","article-title":"Genetically Engineered Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Interleukin-2 and TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand for Cancer Therapy","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29929-y","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus Enhances the Growth-Inhibiting and Proapoptotic Effects of Temozolomide on Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"8","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03401771","article-title":"A 15-year Follow-Up of AJCC Stage III Malignant Melanoma Patients Treated Postsurgically with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Oncolysate and Determination of Alterations in the CD8 T Cell Repertoire","volume":"4","author":"Batliwalla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040451","article-title":"Exploring the Prospects of Engineered Newcastle Disease Virus in Modern Vaccinology","volume":"12","author":"Bello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25447","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25447","article-title":"Non-tumor Tissue Derived interleukin-17B Activates IL-17RB\/AKT\/\u03b2-catenin Pathway to Enhance the Stemness of Gastric Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Bie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.05.031","article-title":"Rational Cancer Treatment Combinations: An Urgent Clinical Need","volume":"78","author":"Boshuizen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"924","article-title":"Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (rL-RVG) Triggers Autophagy and Apoptosis in Gastric Carcinoma Cells by Inducing ER Stress","volume":"6","author":"Bu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4925","article-title":"Genetically Engineered Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Human Interferon-\u039b1 Induces Apoptosis in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells and Modulates the Th1\/Th2 Immune Response","volume":"36","author":"Bu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5482","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.915251","article-title":"LaSota Strain Expressing the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein (rL-RVG) Suppresses Gastric Cancer by Inhibiting the Alpha 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (\u03b17 nAChR)\/Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)\/AKT Pathway","volume":"25","author":"Bu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6225-9","article-title":"Migration of Gastric Cancer Is Suppressed by Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (rL-RVG) via Regulating \u03b17-nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors\/ERK- EMT","volume":"19","author":"Bu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2013.78","article-title":"Different Responses of Human Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines to Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus Infection","volume":"21","author":"Buijs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02495-x","article-title":"Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus Activation of the Innate Immune Response and Priming of Antitumor Adaptive Responses In Vitro","volume":"69","author":"Burke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123552","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus at the Forefront of Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Burman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2015.07.001","article-title":"Experimental Infection with Brazilian Newcastle Disease Virus Strain in Pigeons and Chickens","volume":"47","author":"Carrasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196507)18:7<863:aid-cncr2820180714>3.0.co;2-v","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus as an Antineoplastic Agent","volume":"18","author":"Cassel","year":"1965","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02987752","article-title":"A Ten-Year Follow-Up on Stage II Malignant Melanoma Patients Treated Postsurgically with Newcastle Disease Virus Oncolysate","volume":"9","author":"Cassel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Oncol. Tumor Pharmacother."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830901)52:5<856:aid-cncr2820520519>3.0.co;2-4","article-title":"A Phase II Study on the Postsurgical Management of Stage II Malignant Melanoma with a Newcastle Disease Virus Oncolysate","volume":"52","author":"Cassel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197708)40:2<672:aid-cncr2820400213>3.0.co;2-y","article-title":"Viral Oncolysate in the Management of Malignant melanoma.I. Preparation of the Oncolysate and Measurement of Immunologic Responses","volume":"40","author":"Cassel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0095","article-title":"The Oncolytic Activity of Newcastle Disease Virus in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma Cells in Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions: The Interplay Between von Hippel-Lindau and Interferon-\u03b2 Signaling","volume":"33","author":"Ch'ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Interferon. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-19-0159","article-title":"PCOS Serum-Derived Exosomal miR-27a-5p Stimulates Endometrial Cancer Cells Migration and Invasion","volume":"64","author":"Che","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107929","article-title":"PD-1 Inhibitor Combined with Apatinib Modulate the Tumor Microenvironment and Potentiate Anti-tumor Effect in Mice Bearing Gastric Cancer","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.5114","article-title":"Therapeutic Targeting of Liver Cancer with a Recombinant DNA Vaccine Containing the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Gene of Newcastle Disease Virus via Apoptotic-dependent Pathways","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8771","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201910_19271","article-title":"Circular RNA circRNA_0000285 Promotes Cervical Cancer Development by Regulating FUS","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24721","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24721","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus NP and P Proteins Induce Autophagy via the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Unfolded Protein Response","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-015-0229-5","article-title":"Human Renal Carcinoma Cells Respond to Newcastle Disease Virus Infection through Activation of the P38 MAPK\/NF-\u03baB\/I\u03baB\u03b1 Pathway","volume":"38","author":"Ch\u2019ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Oncol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1023\/b:neon.0000021735.85511.05","article-title":"MTH-68\/H Oncolytic Viral Treatment in Human High-Grade Gliomas","volume":"67","author":"Csatary","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"635","article-title":"Beneficial Treatment of Patients with Advanced Cancer Using a Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine (MTH-68\/H)","volume":"19","author":"Csatary","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.07.001","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effect of Death: Newcastle Disease Virus and its Antitumor Potential","volume":"209","author":"Cuadrado-Castano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.166","article-title":"Tumour Heterogeneity and Resistance to Cancer Therapies","volume":"15","author":"Dagogo-Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v14.i1.41","article-title":"Multiple Roles of Mothers against Decapentaplegic Homolog 4 in Tumorigenesis, Stem Cells, Drug Resistance, and Cancer Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98869","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098869","article-title":"Genotype Characterization of Commonly Used Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Strains of India","volume":"9","author":"Dey","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5040031","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored Bivalent Vaccine against Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease and Newcastle Disease of Chickens","volume":"5","author":"Dey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.01.008","article-title":"Temporal, Geographic, and Host Distribution of Avian Paramyxovirus 1 (Newcastle Disease Virus)","volume":"39","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01553-09","article-title":"Type I Interferon-Sensitive Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus for Oncolytic Virotherapy","volume":"84","author":"Elankumaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x","article-title":"Molecular Principles of Metastasis: a Hallmark of Cancer Revisited","volume":"5","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sig Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21821","article-title":"Tumor Selective Replication of Newcastle Disease Virus: Association with Defects of Tumor Cells in Antiviral Defence","volume":"119","author":"Fiola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-340-0_13","article-title":"Analysis of Three Properties of Newcastle Disease Virus for Fighting Cancer: Tumor-Selective Replication, Antitumor Cytotoxicity, and Immunostimulation","volume":"797","author":"Fournier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.24.3.623","article-title":"Importance of Serine 200 for Functional Activities of the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein of Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"24","author":"Fournier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2005.08.016","article-title":"Phase I\/II Trial of Intravenous NDV-HUJ Oncolytic Virus in Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"13","author":"Freeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3727\/096504011x13079697132880","article-title":"Antiproliferative Effect of Newcastle Disease Virus Strain D90 on Human Lung Cancer Cell Line A549","volume":"19","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncol. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101159","article-title":"Host Type I IFN Signals Are Required for Antitumor CD8+ T Cell Responses through CD8\u03b1+ Dendritic Cells","volume":"208","author":"Fuertes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.02.016","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus: Current Status and Our Understanding","volume":"184","author":"Ganar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1244","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus Malaysian Strain AF2240 Induces Apoptosis in MCF-7 Human Breast Carcinoma Cells at an Early Stage of the Virus Life Cycle","volume":"31","author":"Ghrici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51465-6","article-title":"Antiviral Interferons Induced by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Drive a Tumor-Selective Apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Ginting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2147\/OV.S123292","article-title":"Proinflammatory Response Induced by Newcastle Disease Virus in Tumor and Normal Cells","volume":"6","author":"Ginting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncolytic Virother"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12355","article-title":"Avian Paramyxovirus: A Brief Review","volume":"64","author":"Gogoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1990515","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus Degrades SIRT3 via PINK1-PRKN-dependent Mitophagy to Reprogram Energy Metabolism in Infected Cells","volume":"2021","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2020.100639","article-title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy: Challenges and Solutions","volume":"45","author":"Goradel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cancer"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.02.086","article-title":"MicroRNA 421 Suppresses DPC4\/Smad4 in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"406","author":"Hao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0029-0","article-title":"Optimizing Oncolytic Virotherapy in Cancer Treatment","volume":"18","author":"Harrington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"3612","article-title":"Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus Triggers Cell Death of Lung Cancer Spheroids and Is Enhanced by Pharmacological Inhibition of Autophagy","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020222","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus as a Vaccine Vector for 20 years: A Focus on Maternally Derived Antibody Interference","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i41.4643","article-title":"Role of Autophagy in Tumorigenesis, Metastasis, Targeted Therapy and Drug Resistance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6330","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i34.6330","article-title":"Circular RNA Hsa_circ_0000745 May Serve as a Diagnostic Marker for Gastric Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09977-w","article-title":"Wnt Status-dependent Oncogenic Role of BCL9 and BCL9L in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Huge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.10.016","article-title":"HCC Surveillance after SVR in Patients with F3\/F4 Fibrosis","volume":"74","author":"Ioannou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. hepatology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.22092\/ari.2019.125824.1322","article-title":"Evaluation of Apoptosis Induction by Newcastle Disease Virus LaSota Strain in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells","volume":"75","author":"Kalantari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48993-6","article-title":"Discovery of HSPG2 (Perlecan) as a Therapeutic Target in Triple Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Kalscheuer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102837","article-title":"Newcastle-disease-virus-induced Ferroptosis through Nutrient Deprivation and Ferritinophagy in Tumor Cells","volume":"24","author":"Kan","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.04.012","article-title":"Immune Responses of Poultry to Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"41","author":"Kapczynski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8057","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-04-1545","article-title":"Antitumor Vaccination in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas with Autologous Virus-Modified Tumor Cells","volume":"64","author":"Karcher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0414-0","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance the Oncolytic Effect of Newcastle Disease Virus in Glioma Cells and Glioma Stem Cells via the Secretion of TRAIL","volume":"7","author":"Kazimirsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01326-w","article-title":"Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus Delivered by Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Engineered System Enhances the Therapeutic Effects Altering Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.04.015","article-title":"Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus Reduces Growth of Cervical Cancer Cell by Inducing Apoptosis","volume":"27","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E313","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29202","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virotherapy Induces Long\u2010term Survival and Tumor\u2010specific Immune Memory in Orthotopic Glioma through the Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death","volume":"136","author":"Koks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061128","article-title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy Treatment of Breast Cancer: Barriers and Recent Advances","volume":"13","author":"Kwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/718710","article-title":"Safety and Clinical Usage of Newcastle Disease Virus in Cancer Therapy","volume":"2011","author":"Lam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.04.008","article-title":"Computer-aided Designing of Oncolytic Viruses for Overcoming Translational Challenges of Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Lathwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.2064","article-title":"Oncolytic Viruses in Cancer Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Lawler","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a001651","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001651","article-title":"The Nuclear Factor NF- B Pathway in Inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.07.005","article-title":"Engineering and Combining Oncolytic Measles Virus for Cancer Therapy","volume":"56","author":"Leber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2128-6","article-title":"eIF2\u03b1-CHOP-BCl-2\/JNK and IRE1\u03b1-XBP1\/JNK Signaling Promote Apoptosis and Inflammation and Support the Proliferation of Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i3.495","article-title":"Application of Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccine and NDV Vaccine in Treatment of Tumors of Digestive Traet","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12743","article-title":"MicroRNA-204 P-lays a R-ole as a T-umor S-uppressor in Newcastle D-isease V-irus-induced O-ncolysis in L-ung C-ancer A549 C-ells","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43201","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17970","article-title":"RIP1 Is a Central Signaling Protein in Regulation of TNF-\u03b1\/TRAIL Mediated Apoptosis and Necroptosis during Newcastle Disease Virus Infection","volume":"8","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301885","article-title":"ICP34.5 Deleted Herpes Simplex Virus with Enhanced Oncolytic, Immune Stimulating, and Anti-tumour Properties","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S239789","article-title":"Circ-OXCT1 Suppresses Gastric Cancer EMT and Metastasis by Attenuating TGF-\u03b2 Pathway through the Circ-OXCT1\/miR-136\/smad4 Axis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Onco. Targets Ther."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1631","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001631","article-title":"Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells Are Associated with Prognosis of Gastric Cancer","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.06.014","article-title":"ISG12a Mediates Cell Response to Newcastle Disease Viral Infection","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1657338","article-title":"MicroRNA-598 Inhibits the Growth and Maintenance of Gastric Cancer Stem-like Cells by Down-Regulating RRS1","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184347","article-title":"Oncolytic Potency and Reduced Virus Tumor-Specificity in Oncolytic Virotherapy. A Mathematical Modelling Approach","volume":"12","author":"Mahasa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6015","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01537-10","article-title":"Oncolytic Specificity of Newcastle Disease Virus Is Mediated by Selectivity for Apoptosis-Resistant Cells","volume":"85","author":"Mansour","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.04.001","article-title":"Oncolytic Virus Combination Therapy: Killing One Bird with Two Stones","volume":"26","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061775","article-title":"Human Papilloma Virus and Autophagy","volume":"19","author":"Mattoscio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2021.01.009","article-title":"Combining Vanadyl Sulfate with Newcastle Disease Virus Potentiates Rapid Innate Immune-Mediated Regression with Curative Potential in Murine Cancer Models","volume":"20","author":"McAusland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. - Oncolytics"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12624","article-title":"Tumour Heterogeneity and Cancer Cell Plasticity","volume":"501","author":"Meacham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.03.004","article-title":"Fludarabine as an Adjuvant Improves Newcastle Disease Virus-Mediated Antitumor Immunity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. - Oncolytics"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0639-7","article-title":"Targeting Aerobic Glycolysis by Dichloroacetate Improves Newcastle Disease Virus-Mediated Viro-Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"122","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6365","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2219","article-title":"Mitophagy Promotes Replication of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus by Blocking Intrinsic Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"5","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.59185","article-title":"Advances in the Study of Antitumour Immunotherapy for Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"18","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50222-z","article-title":"Evaluation of a Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Human IL12 against Human Breast Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Mohamed Amin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06347-w","article-title":"Radiomics Machine-Learning Signature for Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhotic Patients with Indeterminate Liver Nodules","volume":"30","author":"Mokrane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1569","article-title":"Trends in Modes of Death in Heart Failure over the Last Two Decades: Less Sudden Death but Cancer Deaths on the Rise","volume":"21","author":"Moliner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3308-2","article-title":"Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus: a Short History of How it All Started","volume":"162","author":"Molouki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1723363","article-title":"Recent Advances of Oncolytic Virus in Cancer Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Mondal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2018.02.006","article-title":"Overview of Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Moo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pet. Clin."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.06.043","article-title":"Antitumor Immunity Enhancement through Newcastle Viral Oncolysate in Mice Model: A Promising Method to Treat Tumors","volume":"28","author":"Mozaffari Nejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-1220-8","article-title":"Sequencing and Analysis of the Complete Genome of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from a Commercial Poultry Farm in 2010","volume":"157","author":"Munir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197708)40:2<680:aid-cncr2820400214>3.0.co;2-#","article-title":"Viral Oncolysate in the Management of Malignant Melanoma. II. Clinical Studies","volume":"40","author":"Murray","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B112","first-page":"16","article-title":"Molecular Biology of Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"5","author":"Nagai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog. Vet. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax7992","article-title":"Intratumoral Expression of IL-7 and IL-12 Using an Oncolytic Virus Increases Systemic Sensitivity to Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"12","author":"Nakao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.12.005","article-title":"Opportunities and Challenges in Combination Gene Cancer Therapy","volume":"98","author":"Nastiuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081420","article-title":"Virotherapy in Germany-Recent Activities in Virus Engineering, Preclinical Development, and Clinical Studies","volume":"13","author":"Nettelbeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.367","article-title":"Cellular Responses to DNA Damage","volume":"41","author":"Norbury","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102308","article-title":"Cancer Metabolism: Phenotype, Signaling and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00179","article-title":"Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Mesothelioma","volume":"7","author":"Pease","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2002.08.042","article-title":"Phase I Trial of Intravenous Administration of PV701, an Oncolytic Virus, in Patients with Advanced Solid Cancers","volume":"20","author":"Pecora","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.73.6.5001-5009.1999","article-title":"Rescue of Newcastle Disease Virus from Cloned cDNA: Evidence that Cleavability of the Fusion Protein Is a Major Determinant for Virulence","volume":"73","author":"Peeters","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1196318","article-title":"Absence of Autophagy Promotes Apoptosis by Modulating the ROS-dependent RLR Signaling Pathway in Classical Swine Fever Virus-Infected Cells","volume":"12","author":"Pei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1117740","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2015.1117740","article-title":"Trial Watch-Oncolytic Viruses and Cancer Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Pol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148560","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus V Protein Targets Phosphorylated STAT1 to Block IFN-I Signaling","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5516-5","article-title":"Regression of Solid Breast Tumours in Mice by Newcastle Disease Virus Is Associated with Production of Apoptosis Related-Cytokines","volume":"19","author":"Raihan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC cancer"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0458-z","article-title":"Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy: Future Prospects for Oncology","volume":"6","author":"Raja","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1256522","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): Facing Cell Death between Autophagy and Apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Ravegnini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-018-0218-1","article-title":"Perspectives on Immunotherapy via Oncolytic Viruses","volume":"14","author":"Reale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12041024","article-title":"Current Strategies and Future Perspectives for Precision Medicine in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Regel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.01.019","article-title":"Pre-existing Immunity to Oncolytic Virus Potentiates its Immunotherapeutic Efficacy","volume":"26","author":"Ricca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-11-2987","article-title":"Generation of Recombinant Lentogenic Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA","volume":"80","author":"R\u00f6mer-Oberd\u00f6rfer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. General Virology"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2013.08.008","article-title":"Entry of Newcastle Disease Virus into the Host Cell: Role of Acidic pH and Endocytosis","volume":"1838","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Felipe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimica Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembr."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00205796","article-title":"Modification of Tumor Cells by a Low Dose of Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"28","author":"Schild","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00224","article-title":"Multimodal Cancer Therapy Involving Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus, Autologous Immune Cells, and Bi-specific Antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Schirrmacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-561-9_30","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus: a Promising Vector for Viral Therapy, Immune Therapy, and Gene Therapy of Cancer","volume":"542","author":"Schirrmacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2692","article-title":"Strong T-Cell Costimulation Can Reactivate Tumor Antigen-specific T Cells in Late-Stage Metastasized Colorectal Carcinoma Patients: Results from a Phase I Clinical Study","volume":"46","author":"Schirrmacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1702(99)00119-7","article-title":"Molecular Evolution of the Newcastle Disease Virus Matrix Protein Gene and Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Paramyxoviridae","volume":"66","author":"Seal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28118","article-title":"NDV\u2010D90 Inhibits 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol\u2010mediated Resistance to Apoptosis by Differentially Modulating Classic and Nonclassic Estrogen Receptors in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"122","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00436","article-title":"STAT3 Contributes to Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus-Induced Immunogenic Cell Death in Melanoma Cells","volume":"9","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3411-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the Oncolytic Potential of R2B Mukteshwar Vaccine Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in a Colon Cancer Cell Line (SW-620)","volume":"162","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3792","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02394-12","article-title":"Prostate-specific Antigen-Retargeted Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus for Prostate Cancer Virotherapy","volume":"87","author":"Shobana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198223","article-title":"Lithium Chloride Functions as Newcastle Disease Virus-Induced ER-Stress Modulator and Confers Anti-viral Effect","volume":"292","author":"Shokeen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s1386-6532(99)00072-4","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV): Brief History of its Oncolytic Strains","volume":"16","author":"Sinkovics","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5222","article-title":"Autophagy, Cancer Stem Cells and Drug Resistance","volume":"247","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22768","article-title":"TRAIL Is Involved in the Tumoricidal Activity of Mouse Natural Killer Cells Stimulated by Newcastle Disease Virusin Vitro","volume":"296","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i16.2143","article-title":"Application of Newcastle Disease Virus in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wjcc"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0605-6","article-title":"Antitumor Efficacy of Viral Therapy Using Genetically Engineered Newcastle Disease Virus [NDV(F3aa)-GFP] for Peritoneally Disseminated Gastric Cancer","volume":"88","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4272","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2004.09.038","article-title":"Antitumor Vaccination of Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme: a Pilot Study to Assess Feasibility, Safety, and Clinical Benefit","volume":"22","author":"Steiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0191","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of MEDI4736, an Antagonistic Anti-PD-L1 Monoclonal Antibody","volume":"3","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/77558","article-title":"Exploiting Tumor-specific Defects in the Interferon Pathway with a Previously Unknown Oncolytic Virus","volume":"6","author":"Stojdl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-015-0321-5","article-title":"Apoptosis, Autophagy, Necroptosis, and Cancer Metastasis","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/308574","article-title":"Strategies and Advancements in Harnessing the Immune System for Gastric Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"2015","author":"Subhash","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34516","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16563","article-title":"NDV-D90 Suppresses Growth of Gastric Cancer and Cancer-Related Vascularization","volume":"8","author":"Sui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818767996","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Quail","volume":"55","author":"Susta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9761","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9761","article-title":"Oncolytic Effects of the Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus, rAF-IL12, against Colon Cancer Cells In Vitro and in Tumor-Challenged NCr-Foxn1nu Nude Mice","volume":"8","author":"Syed Najmuddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24898-9","article-title":"Loss of Smad4 Promotes Aggressive Lung Cancer Metastasis by De-repression of PAK3 via miRNA Regulation","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.23239","article-title":"Mammalian MSC from Selected Species: Features and Applications","volume":"93","author":"Uder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55617-4_4","article-title":"Targeted Delivery of IL-12 Adjuvants Immunotherapy by Oncolytic Viruses","volume":"1290","author":"Vannini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15089","article-title":"Targeting STAT3 Enhances NDV\u2010induced Immunogenic Cell Death in Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-015-0271-1","article-title":"Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Chimeric Antibody Enhanced Anti-tumor Efficacy in Orthotopic Hepatoma-Bearing Mice","volume":"34","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm196409242711302","article-title":"Observations on the Repeated Administration of Viruses to a Patient with Acute Leukemia","volume":"271","author":"Wheelock","year":"1964","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo_00000223","article-title":"Expression of RIG-I, IRF3, IFN-Beta and IRF7 Determines Resistance or Susceptibility of Cells to Infection by Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"34","author":"Wilden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-1071-8","article-title":"Detection of Free Peritoneal Cancer Cells in Gastric Cancer Using Cancer-specific Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2016.03.012","article-title":"Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV\/Anh-IL-2) Expressing Human IL-2 as a Potential Candidate for Suppresses Growth of Hepatoma Therapy","volume":"132","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.02.042","article-title":"Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Human TRAIL as a Potential Candidate for Hepatoma Therapy","volume":"802","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.7785\/tcrt.2012.500356","article-title":"Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Anhinga Strain (NDV\/Anh-EGFP) for Hepatoma Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002108","article-title":"Cancer Statistics in China and United States, 2022: Profiles, Trends, and Determinants","volume":"135","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052751","article-title":"Generation by Reverse Genetics of an Effective, Stable, Live-Attenuated Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Based on a Currently Circulating, Highly Virulent Indonesian Strain","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109167","article-title":"NDV Related Exosomes Enhance NDV Replication through Exporting NLRX1 mRNA","volume":"260","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiol."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101993","article-title":"Activation of the eIF2\u03b1\/ATF4 axis Drives Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Radioresistance by Promoting Glutathione Biosynthesis","volume":"43","author":"Xupeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2008.31","article-title":"Selective Oncolytic Effect of an Attenuated Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV-HUJ) in Lung Tumors","volume":"15","author":"Yaacov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119087","article-title":"Recent Trends in Cancer Therapy: A Review on the Current State of Gene Delivery","volume":"269","author":"Yahya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2562","article-title":"Effect of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Transfection on Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells In Vivo","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2657","article-title":"Apoptotic Induction of Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells Infected by Recombinant RVG Newcastle Disease Virus (rL-RVG) In Vitro","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12857","article-title":"Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Human IFN-\u039b1 (rL-hIFN-\u039b1)-Induced Apoptosis of A549 Cells Is Connected to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"B176","first-page":"1514","article-title":"Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus Induces Autophagy-dependent Immunogenic Cell Death in Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2019-11-1-66-73","article-title":"Adaptation of the Newcastle Disease Virus to Cell Cultures for Enhancing its Oncolytic Properties","volume":"11","author":"Yurchenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450120078626","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus: Macromolecules and Opportunities","volume":"30","author":"Yusoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226ra32","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008095","article-title":"Localized Oncolytic Virotherapy Overcomes Systemic Tumor Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Zamarin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.4","article-title":"Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus for Cancer Therapy: Old Challenges and New Directions","volume":"7","author":"Zamarin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008610","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus Infection Activates PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR and P38 MAPK\/Mnk1 Pathways to Benefit Viral mRNA Translation via Interaction of the Viral NP Protein and Host eIF4E","volume":"16","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1466014","article-title":"Viral Strategies for Triggering and Manipulating Mitophagy","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1319039","article-title":"w09, a Novel Autophagy Enhancer, Induces Autophagy-dependent Cell Apoptosis via Activation of the EGFR-Mediated RAS-RAF1-Map2k-Mapk1\/3 Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.04.020","article-title":"Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Human Interleukin-2 Serves as a Potential Candidate for Tumor Therapy","volume":"136","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2018.8785","article-title":"Dendritic Cells Loaded with the Lysate of Tumor Cells Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus Trigger Potent Anti-tumor I-mmunity by P-romoting the S-ecretion of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 from T C-ells","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/ely019","article-title":"Immunotherapy for Gastric Cancer: Dilemmas and Prospect","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Briefings Funct. genomics"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2018.063","article-title":"Application of CRISPR-Cas9 for Long Noncoding RNA Genes in Cancer Research","volume":"30","author":"Zhen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.03.026","article-title":"Current Challenges in Cancer Treatment","volume":"38","author":"Zugazagoitia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2022.889403\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T05:53:39Z","timestamp":1656914019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2022.889403\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"references-count":188,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmolb.2022.889403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2022.889403","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-889X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-889X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"article-number":"889403"}}