{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T12:52:19Z","timestamp":1781009539338,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Red signs are closely related to esophageal variceal bleeding, and, despite improvements in therapy, the mortality rate remains high. We aimed to identify non-invasive predictors of esophageal varices and red signs in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> This retrospective study included 356 patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria among 661 patients. All patients underwent endoscopy, ultrasonography, laboratory examinations, and computed tomography\/magnetic resonance imaging. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed, and prediction models for esophageal varices and red signs were constructed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Multivariate analysis revealed that spleen diameter, splenic vein diameter, and lymphocyte ratio were independent risk factors for esophageal varices and red signs. On this basis, we proposed two models: i) a spleen diameter-splenic vein diameter-lymphocyte ratio-esophageal varices prediction model (SSL-EV model); and ii) a spleen diameter-splenic vein diameter-lymphocyte ratio-red sign prediction model (SSL-RS model). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the two prediction models were 0.843 and 0.783, respectively. With a cutoff value of 1.55, the first prediction model had 81.3% sensitivity and 76.1% specificity for esophageal varices prediction. With a cutoff value of \u22120.20, the second prediction model had 72.1% sensitivity and 70.7% specificity for the prediction of red signs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> We proposed a new statistical model, the spleen diameter-splenic vein diameter-lymphocyte ratio-red sign prediction model (SSL-RS model), to predict the presence of red signs non-invasively. Combined with the spleen diameter-splenic vein diameter-lymphocyte ratio-esophageal varices prediction model (SSL-EV model), these non-invasive prediction models will be helpful in guiding clinical decision-making and preventing the occurrence of esophageal variceal bleeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.930762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T05:41:42Z","timestamp":1657604502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Non-Invasive Prediction Models for Esophageal Varices and Red Signs in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Huixin","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianxiong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiying","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genglin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianrong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhishuo","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.001","article-title":"Elastography, Spleen Size, and Platelet Count Identify Portal Hypertension in Patients with Compensated Cirrhosis","volume":"144","author":"Berzigotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1991.tb00517.x","article-title":"Caliber of Splenic and Hepatic Arteries and Spleen Size in Cirrhosis of Different Etiology","volume":"11","author":"Bolondi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30499-9","article-title":"The Hepatitis B Epidemic in China Should Receive More Attention","volume":"391","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2019.1570397","article-title":"A Commentary on the Sensitivity and Specificity of the Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in the Diagnosis of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia","volume":"33","author":"Chisthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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