{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:26:55Z","timestamp":1791037615683,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is one of the major precarious pathogens accountable for over 1.2 million fatalities annually. The key drivers for pneumococcal vaccine development involve high morbidity and mortality in over one million cases, especially in very young children and the elderly. In this study, immunoinformatics was integrated with subtractive proteomics to find antigenic proteins for designing a multi-epitope vaccine against <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. As prospective vaccine targets, the developed pipeline identified two antigenic proteins, i.e., penicillin-binding protein and ATP synthase subunit. Several immunoinformatics and bioinformatics resources were used to forecast T- and B-cell epitopes from specific proteins. By employing a mixture of five cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes, six helper T-cell lymphocytes, and seven linear B-cell lymphocyte epitopes, a 392 amino acid-long vaccine was designed. To enhance immune responses, the designed vaccine was coupled with a cholera enterotoxin subunit B adjuvant. The designed vaccine was highly antigenic, non-allergenic, and stable for human usage. The stability of the vaccine with toll-like receptor-4 was evaluated by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. In addition, immunological simulation was performed to test its real-world potency. The vaccine codon was then cloned <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>. Overall, this study paves the way for the development of a multi-epitope <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> vaccine under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the current findings warrant for the experimental validation of the final multi-epitope vaccine construct to demonstrate its immunological reinforcing capability and clinical applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1212119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T17:05:22Z","timestamp":1690304722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Integrated immunoinformatics and subtractive proteomics approach for multi-epitope vaccine designing to combat S. pneumoniae TIGR4"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sami S.","family":"Ashgar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Faidah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farkad","family":"Bantun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naif A.","family":"Jalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naeem F.","family":"Qusty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulla","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafiul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essam M.","family":"Janahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866259","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.866259","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from a single pediatric patient display distinct phenotypes","volume":"12","author":"Agnew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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