{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:47:35Z","timestamp":1792799255243,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species are the main etiological agents for candidiasis, and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> are the most common infectious species. <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species\u2019 growing resistance to conventional therapies necessitates more research into novel antifungal agents. Antifungal peptides isolated from microorganisms have potential applications as novel therapeutics. AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> a <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>-derived lipopeptide demonstrating broad-spectrum antifungal activity has been investigated for its ability to cause cell death in <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species via membrane damage and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Using biophysical techniques, the secondary structure of the AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> lipopeptide was identified. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy with fluorescent dyes were performed to visualise the effect of the lipopeptide. The membrane disruption and permeabilization were assessed using the 1,6-diphenyl hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence assay and flow cytometric (FC) assessment of propidium iodide (PI) uptake, respectively. The reactive oxygen species levels were estimated using the FC assessment. The induction of apoptosis and DNA damage were studied using Annexin V-FITC\/PI and DAPI.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>-derived antifungal variant AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> was found to have structural features typical of lipopeptides. Microscopy imaging revealed that AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> damages the surface of treated cells and results in membrane permeabilization, facilitating the uptake of the fluorescent dyes. A loss of membrane integrity was observed in cells treated with AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> due to a decrease in DPH fluorescence and a dose-dependent increase in PI uptake. Cell damage was also determined from the log reduction of viable cells treated with AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>. AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> treatment also caused elevated ROS levels, induced phosphatidylserine externalisation, late-stage apoptosis, and alterations to nuclear morphology revealed by DAPI fluorescence.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Collectively, the mode of action studies revealed that AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> acts primarily on the cell membrane of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and has the potential to act as an antifungal drug candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1248444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T16:35:00Z","timestamp":1701880500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The elucidation of the multimodal action of the investigational anti-Candida lipopeptide (AF4) lead from Bacillus subtilis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Swetha","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhashis","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1159\/000104753","article-title":"The antifungal activity of RsAFP2, a plant defensin from Raphanus sativus, involves the induction of reactive oxygen species in Candida albicans microb","volume":"13","author":"Aerts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.29.1043","article-title":"Characterization of iturin A in antibiotics from various strains of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"29","author":"Besson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11641.x","article-title":"Structure de la bacillomycine L, antibiotique de Bacillus subtils","volume":"77","author":"Besson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/0584-8539(96)01663-7","article-title":"Solvent-induced conformational modifications of iturin A: an infrared and circular dichroic study of a l,d-lipopeptide of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"52","author":"Besson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-010-0890-7","article-title":"Direct concentration and viability measurement of yeast in corn mash using a novel imaging cytometry method","volume":"38","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts","volume-title":"CLSI standard M27","year":"2017"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pdb.prot087288","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot087288","article-title":"Quantitation of apoptosis and necrosis by Annexin V binding, propidium iodide uptake, and flow cytometry","volume":"2016","author":"Crowley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00651-13","article-title":"Synergistic effect of the flavonoid catechin, quercetin, or epigallocatechin gallate with fluconazole induces apoptosis in Candida tropicalis resistant to fluconazole","volume":"58","author":"Da Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Circular dichroism in protein analysis","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of molecular cell Biology and molecular medicine","author":"Dang","year":"2006"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt449","article-title":"Repurposing as a means to increase the activity of amphotericin B and caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"69","author":"Delattin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.48.1240","article-title":"Bacillomycin Lc, a new antibiotic of the iturin group: isolations, structures, and antifungal activities of the congeners","volume":"48","author":"Eshita","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96093-1","article-title":"Metabolic, structural, and proteomic changes in Candida albicans cells induced by the protein-carbohydrate fraction of Dendrobaena veneta coelomic fluid","volume":"11","author":"Fio\u0142ka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2005.05042.x","article-title":"Antifungal effects and mechanism of action of viscotoxin A3","volume":"273","author":"Giudici","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.4.1088-1091.1994","article-title":"Rapid determination of antifungal activity by flow cytometry","volume":"32","author":"Green","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2165\/11315530-000000000-00000","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections: the challenge continues","volume":"69","author":"Gullo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01366-12","article-title":"Caspofungin kills Candida albicans by causing both cellular apoptosis and necrosis","volume":"57","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02544538","article-title":"Fatty acid and \u03b2-amino acid syntheses in strains ofBacillus subtilis producing iturinic antibiotics","volume":"24","author":"Hourdou","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.03.125","article-title":"Induction of yeast apoptosis by an antimicrobial peptide, Papiliocin","volume":"408","author":"Hwang","year":"","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.01.026","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide, psacotheasin induces reactive oxygen species and triggers apoptosis in Candida albicans","volume":"405","author":"Hwang","year":"","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.1602","article-title":"Indole-3-carbinol generates reactive oxygen species and induces apoptosis","volume":"34","author":"Hwang","year":"","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60031-0","article-title":"Production of iturin A homologues under different culture conditions","volume":"21","author":"Iwase","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.07.118","article-title":"Study of metal-lipopeptide complexes and their self-assembly behavior, micelle formation, interaction with bovine serum albumin and biological properties","volume":"268","author":"Janek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00445","article-title":"Antifungal activity of coumarin against Candida albicans is related to apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2507-1","article-title":"The in vitro, in vivo antifungal activity and the action mode of Jelleine-I against Candida species","volume":"50","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.48.1095","article-title":"Bacillopeptins, new cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics from Bacillus subtilis FR-2","volume":"48","author":"Kajimura","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.46.10.3113-3117.2002","article-title":"Endogenous reactive oxygen species is an important mediator of miconazole antifungal effect","volume":"46","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.46.6.1773-1780.2002","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms: unique efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations and echinocandins","volume":"46","author":"Kuhn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/foy003","article-title":"Apigenin induces cell shrinkage in Candida albicans by membrane perturbation","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.11.024","article-title":"Fungicidal mechanisms of the antimicrobial peptide Bac8c","volume":"1848","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20190483","article-title":"The chromogranin A-derived antifungal peptide CGA-N9 induces apoptosis in Candida tropicalis","volume":"476","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243066","article-title":"Kalopanaxsaponin A induces reactive oxygen species mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell membrane destruction in Candida albicans","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.23188","article-title":"Prediction of protein secondary structure from circular dichroism using theoretically derived spectra","volume":"80","author":"Louis-Jeune","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinforma."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S250278","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide AMP-17 affects Candida albicans by disrupting its cell Wall and cell membrane integrity","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.19","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new iturinic lipopeptide, mojavensin A produced by a marine-derived bacterium Bacillus mojavensis B0621A","volume":"65","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.139.3.729","article-title":"A yeast mutant showing diagnostic markers of early and late apoptosis","volume":"139","author":"Madeo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483x(94)90159-7","article-title":"Iturins, a special class of pore-forming lipopeptides: biological and physicochemical properties","volume":"87","author":"Maget-Dana","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15997","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606129103","article-title":"Ultrashort antibacterial and antifungal lipopeptides","volume":"103","author":"Makovitzki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050520","article-title":"Conjugation of fatty acids with different lengths modulates the antibacterial and antifungal activity of a cationic biologically inactive peptide","volume":"390","author":"Malina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1012314516354","article-title":"Antibiotics produced by Bacillus bacteria","volume":"37","author":"Mannanov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.06.003","article-title":"Antifungal activity of novel synthetic peptides by accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruption of cell wall against Candida albicans","volume":"32","author":"Maurya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pept. (NY)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00286","article-title":"It only takes one to do many jobs: amphotericin B as antifungal and immunomodulatory drug","volume":"3","author":"Mesa-Arango","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.35.306","article-title":"Bacillomycin F, a new antibiotic of iturin group: isolation and characterization","volume":"35","author":"Mhammedi","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.63.7.2897-2905.1997","article-title":"Development of the FUN-1 family of fluorescent probes for vacuole labeling and viability testing of yeasts","volume":"63","author":"Millard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsec.2005.06.003","article-title":"Correlation between diverse cyclic lipopeptides production and regulation of growth and substrate utilization by Bacillus subtilis strains in a particular habitat","volume":"54","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2008.07.003","article-title":"Enhanced production of biosurfactant by a marine bacterium on statistical screening of nutritional parameters","volume":"42","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.07.091","article-title":"Conformational analyses of bacillomycin D, a natural antimicrobial lipopeptide, alone or in interaction with lipid monolayers at the air\u2013water interface","volume":"387","author":"Nasir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fov022","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fov022","article-title":"Synergistic fungicidal activity of the lipopeptide bacillomycin D with amphotericin B against pathogenic Candida species","volume":"15","author":"Olfa","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.12.009","article-title":"Bacillus lipopeptides: versatile weapons for plant disease biocontrol","volume":"16","author":"Ongena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"4","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2009.06.008","article-title":"Fungicidal effect of antimicrobial peptide arenicin-1","volume":"1788","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.33.1146","article-title":"Characterization of a new antibiotic of iturin group: bacillomycin D","volume":"33","author":"Peypoux","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.39.636","article-title":"Revised structure of mycosubtilin, a peptidolipid antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis","volume":"39","author":"Peypoux","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14327","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2332326100","article-title":"Apoptosis induced by environmental stresses and amphotericin B in Candida albicans","volume":"100","author":"Phillips","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-4-375","article-title":"Susceptibility to fluconazole of Candida clinical isolates determined by FUN-1 staining with flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy","volume":"50","author":"Pina-Vaz","year":"","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00307.x","article-title":"Cytometric approach for a rapid evaluation of susceptibility of Candida strains to antifungals","volume":"7","author":"Pina-Vaz","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-008-9464-x","article-title":"Lipopeptides produced by a soil Bacillus megaterium strain","volume":"57","author":"Pueyo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014577","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01457-17","article-title":"Evaluation of antifungal efficacy of three new cyclic lipopeptides of the class bacillomycin from Bacillus subtilis RLID 12.1","volume":"62","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.44.10.2752-2758.2000","article-title":"Flow cytometry antifungal susceptibility testing of pathogenic yeasts other than Candida albicans and comparison with the NCCLS broth microdilution test","volume":"44","author":"Ramani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.9.2320-2324.1997","article-title":"Rapid flow cytometric susceptibility testing of Candida albicans","volume":"35","author":"Ramani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201020666191205115008","article-title":"Improved production of two anti-Candida lipopeptide homologues Co- produced by the wild-type Bacillus subtilis RLID 12.1 under optimized conditions","volume":"21","author":"Ramchandran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158322","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01583-22","article-title":"Functional characterization of a Bacillus -derived novel broad-spectrum antifungal lipopeptide variant against Candida tropicalis and Candida auris and unravelling its mode of action","volume":"11","author":"Ramesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.09.012","article-title":"Activation of apoptosis signalling pathways by reactive oxygen species","volume":"1863","author":"Redza-Dutordoir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimica Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.731712","article-title":"Mechanism of activity and toxicity of Nystatin-Intralipid","volume":"51","author":"Semis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03150","article-title":"The antifungal peptide MCh-AMP1 derived from matricaria chamomilla inhibits Candida albicans growth via inducing ROS generation and altering fungal cell membrane permeability","volume":"10","author":"Seyedjavadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00978-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00978-17","article-title":"Induction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production by itraconazole, terbinafine, and amphotericin B as a mode of action against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"61","author":"Shekhova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.06.016","article-title":"Self-assembly and interactions of short antimicrobial cationic lipopeptides with membrane lipids: ITC, FTIR and molecular dynamics studies","volume":"1838","author":"Sikorska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimica Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembr."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3023-2","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatography purification of biosurfactant isoforms produced by a marine bacterium","volume":"395","author":"Sivapathasekaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649875","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.649875","article-title":"Membrane-interacting antifungal peptides","volume":"9","author":"Struyfs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2014-0613","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides of the genus Bacillus: A new era for antibiotics","volume":"61","author":"Sumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.02199.x","article-title":"Anti-Candida effect of bacillomycin D-like lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis B38","volume":"316","author":"Tabbene","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02381-14","article-title":"Synergistic activity of the tyrocidines, antimicrobial cyclodecapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus, with amphotericin B and caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"58","author":"Troskie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"prot087387","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot087387","article-title":"Analysis of apoptosis and necroptosis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting","volume":"2016","author":"Wallberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/md17040199","article-title":"Characterization of antifungal lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by marine bacterium Bacillus sp.CS30","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2013.05.033","article-title":"New insights into membrane-active action in plasma membrane of fungal hyphae by the lipopeptide antibiotic bacillomycin L","volume":"1828","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00445-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00445-18","article-title":"Fengycins, cyclic lipopeptides from marine Bacillus subtilis strains, kill the plant-pathogenic fungus magnaporthe grisea by inducing reactive oxygen species production and chromatin condensation","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8906-8","article-title":"Cell permeability and nuclear DNA staining by propidium iodide in basidiomycetous yeasts","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1248444\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T16:35:04Z","timestamp":1701880504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1248444\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1248444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1248444","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-889X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-889X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"article-number":"1248444"}}