{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:45:25Z","timestamp":1789771525484,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The management of primary hypothyroidism demands a comprehensive approach that encompasses both the implications of autoimmune thyroid disease and the distinct effects posed by obesity and metabolic irregularities. Despite its clinical importance, the interplay between obesity and hypothyroidism, especially in the context of metabolic perspectives, is insufficiently explored in existing research. This study endeavors to classify hypothyroidism by considering the presence of autoimmune thyroid disease and to examine its correlation with various metabolic obesity phenotypes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> This research was conducted by analyzing data from 1,170 individuals enrolled in the Thyroid Disease Database of Shandong Provincial Hospital. We assessed four distinct metabolic health statuses among the participants: Metabolically Healthy No Obese Metabolically Healthy Obese Metabolically Unhealthy No Obese and Metabolically Unhealthy Obese Utilizing logistic regression, we investigated the association between various metabolic obesity phenotypes and hypothyroidism.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The study revealed a significant correlation between the Metabolically Unhealthy Obese (MUO) phenotype and hypothyroidism, particularly among women who do not have thyroid autoimmunity. Notably, the Metabolically Unhealthy No Obese (MUNO) phenotype showed a significant association with hypothyroidism in individuals with thyroid autoimmunity, with a pronounced prevalence in women. Furthermore, elevated levels of triglycerides and blood glucose were found to be significantly associated with hypothyroidism in men with thyroid autoimmunity and in women without thyroid autoimmunity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Effective treatment of hypothyroidism requires a thorough understanding of the process of thyroid autoimmune development. In patients without concurrent thyroid autoimmunity, there is a notable correlation between obesity and metabolic issues with reduced thyroid function. Conversely, for patients with thyroid autoimmunity, a focused approach on managing metabolic abnormalities, especially triglyceride levels, is crucial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1379124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T05:04:21Z","timestamp":1713762261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring the link between obesity and hypothyroidism in autoimmune thyroid diseases: a metabolic perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mengzhe","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizhan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800.2020.1749847","article-title":"Abdominal obesity phenotypes and incidence of thyroid autoimmunity: a 9-year follow-up","volume":"45","author":"Amouzegar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:24:1:001","article-title":"Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Biondi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.4.526","article-title":"The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study","volume":"160","author":"Canaris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Intern Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30703-1","article-title":"Hypothyroidism","volume":"390","author":"Chaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155201","article-title":"Metabolic obesity phenotypes: a friend or foe of digestive polyps? An observational study based on National Inpatient Database","volume":"132","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.13.1413","article-title":"Neurocognitive aspects of hypothyroidism","volume":"158","author":"Dugbartey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1394370","article-title":"High thyroid-stimulating hormone level is associated with the risk of developing atherosclerosis in subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2409","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: a meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Garmendia Madariaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681100500235","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical profile of metabolic obesity and phenotypic obesity in Asian Indians","volume":"5","author":"Geetha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v90i10-S.8765","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism","volume":"90","author":"Guerri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.12.006","article-title":"Thyroid functions and serum lipid profile in metabolic syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Gutch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182","article-title":"Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III)","volume":"87","author":"Hollowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.001180","article-title":"A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Model Mech."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.259","article-title":"Metabolically healthy obesity: a friend or foe?","volume":"32","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05482","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"444","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3174","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cancer development in obesity","volume":"11","author":"Khandekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.k10e-272","article-title":"The relationship between serum thyrotropin and components of metabolic syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1670","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction associated with follicular cell steatosis in obese male mice and humans","volume":"156","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02399","article-title":"Altered thyroid function and structure in children and adolescents who are overweight and obese: reversal after weight loss","volume":"104","author":"Licenziati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7633","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07633","article-title":"Thyrotropin and obesity: increased adipose triglyceride content through glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0414","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"28","author":"Moon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-6196(12)60694-6","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary hypothyroidism","volume":"68","author":"O Brien","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91265","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091265","article-title":"Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are regulators of the rat thyroid peroxidase gene in thyroid cells","volume":"9","author":"Rauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.922863","article-title":"Ferritin, transferrin, and transferrin receptor in relation to metabolic obesity phenotypes: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1269","article-title":"Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are regulators of the NIS gene in thyroid cells","volume":"27","author":"Ringseis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1361","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality","volume":"304","author":"Rodondi","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1718","article-title":"Thyroid function is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome in euthyroid subjects","volume":"92","author":"Roos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R137","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0067","article-title":"Mechanisms in endocrinology: the crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease","volume":"171","author":"Santini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02349","article-title":"The impact of obesity on thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.10.141","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Stabouli","year":"","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc Ther."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.10.141","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Stabouli","year":"","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc Ther."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2022.01.006","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism","volume":"527","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05487","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease","volume":"444","author":"Van Gaal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-14-9","article-title":"The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolically healthy obesity in Europe: a collaborative analysis of ten large cohort studies","volume":"14","author":"van Vliet-Ostaptchouk","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02677-2","article-title":"Association between different obesity phenotypes and hypothyroidism: a study based on a longitudinal health management cohort","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2016.06.004","article-title":"Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are transcriptional regulators of the thyroglobulin gene in thyroid cells","volume":"1859","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187561","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibits expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their key transcriptional regulators in FRTL-5 thyrocytes","volume":"12","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E510","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00194.2018","article-title":"ER stress contributes to high-fat diet-induced decrease of thyroglobulin and hypothyroidism","volume":"316","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4215848","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4215848","article-title":"Palmitic acid downregulates thyroglobulin (Tg), sodium iodide symporter (NIS), and thyroperoxidase (TPO) in human primary thyrocytes: a potential mechanism by which lipotoxicity affects thyroid?","volume":"2018","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1379124\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T05:04:24Z","timestamp":1713762264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1379124\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1379124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1379124","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-889X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-889X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"article-number":"1379124"}}