{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:03:51Z","timestamp":1767204231300,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sulforaphane (SFN) is recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we explored the effect of SFN on subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and the potential mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups (n = 12): Sham + vehicle group (Sham + V), SAH + vehicle group (SAH + V), and SAH + SFN group (SAH + S). SFN (50 mg\/kg) dissolved in 250\u2013280 \u03bcL corn oil was intraperitoneally injected, and the same volume of corn oil was served as the control. The appetite score, gut wet\/dry weight ratio, and histological changes in ileum tissues were examined to determine intestinal mucosal injury. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to examine the expression of genes. LC3 immunofluorescence and Hoechst 33258 staining were used to assess cell autophagy and apoptosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to the SAH + V group, the SAH + S group demonstrated a significantly increased appetite score (1.55 \u00b1 0.23 vs. 1.90 \u00b1 0.35); decreased gut wet\/dry weight ratio (4.02 \u00b1 0.21 vs. 3.18 \u00b1 0.21) and inflammatory score (2.89 \u00b1 0.33 vs. 1.89 \u00b1 0.60); elevated mRNA expression of Nrf-2 (1.12 \u00b1 0.14 vs. 1.89 \u00b1 0.12), HO-1 (0.46 \u00b1 0.02 vs. 1.02 \u00b1 0.10), and NQO-1 (1.35 \u00b1 0.09 vs. 1.97 \u00b1 0.18); and elevated protein levels of Nrf-2 (0.92 \u00b1 0.18 vs. 1.43 \u00b1 0.23), Keap1 (0.31 \u00b1 0.03 vs. 0.44 \u00b1 0.02), HO-1 (0.65 \u00b1 0.02 vs. 0.88 \u00b1 0.02), NQO-1 (0.58 \u00b1 0.02 vs. 0.78 \u00b1 0.02), LC3-II\/I (0.20 \u00b1 0.004 vs. 0.28 \u00b1 0.01), ATG4D (0.45 \u00b1 0.01 vs. 0.72 \u00b1 0.04), and P62 (0.85 \u00b1 0.01 vs. 0.99 \u00b1 0.03). The\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments further revealed that 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly reversed the decreased apoptosis of IEC-6 cells induced by 20 \u03bcmol\/L SFN (20.60 \u00b1 1.28 vs. 11.50 \u00b1 0.58).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SFN exhibited the protective effect on intestinal mucosa injury after SAH via activating autophagy, which may provide an innovative approach to alleviate the intestinal mucosa injury caused by SAH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1635795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T04:10:42Z","timestamp":1755835842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The protection of sulforaphane on subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced intestinal mucosa injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zixiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanhai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shidi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2174\/157489111796887837","article-title":"Gut inflammation in response to injury: potential target for therapeutic intervention","volume":"6","author":"Akhtar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Recent Pat. 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