{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:53:51Z","timestamp":1775840031702,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPUS 17 2019\/33\/B\/NZ9\/02159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 17 2019\/33\/B\/NZ9\/02159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leptospirosis, caused by <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp.<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> is one of the most widespread zoonoses worldwide. It affects both domestic and wild animals, with ruminants serving as a primary reservoir for serovar Hardjo. This serovar causes long-term colonisation of the kidney and genital tract. Hardjo strains are taxonomically assigned to two <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> species: <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Leptospira borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>. However, the molecular basis of <jats:italic>L. interrogans serovar<\/jats:italic> Hardjo adaptation remains poorly understood. Comparative genomic analysis of <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> strains classified as the Hardjo serovar and other non-Hardjo serovars of the same species may help identify genetic determinants associated with host adaptation and species-specific cellular immune responses. Unfortunately, these pathogens are highly fastidious, and only a limited number of whole genomes have been sequenced to date.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> serovar Hardjo European isolates were sequenced. Using these new sequences alongside publicly available genomes of <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> strains classified as Hardjo and non-Hardjo serovars, we performed comparative genomic analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hardjo strains formed a distinct phylogenetic clade and harboured unique variants, including an intact <jats:italic>cas3<\/jats:italic> gene and a modified <jats:italic>thiM<\/jats:italic> start codon. We identified 88 Hardjo-specific orthologues, some located in putative genomic islands outside <jats:italic>rfb<\/jats:italic> locus. Several encoded proteins related to mobile elements, toxin\u2013antitoxin systems or signal transduction. Enhanced biofilm formation in Hardjo strains supports a host-adapted phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study expands the genomic dataset for <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> serovar Hardjo and provides novel insights into its genetic distinctiveness, suggesting potential factors that may facilitate colonisation and persistence in ruminant hosts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1648097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T07:54:57Z","timestamp":1757490897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serovar-specific genomic features of Leptospira interrogans Hardjo: implications for host adaptation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Dubniewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pardyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Gurgul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Jasielczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szmato\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew J.","family":"Arent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1101\/GR.094052.109","article-title":"Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data\n          \n          \n            \n              Andrews\n              S.\n            \n          \n          \n          2010"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3390\/PATHOGENS13040320","article-title":"Emerging approaches for mitigating biofilm-formation-associated infections in farm, wild, and companion animals","volume":"13","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/S10393-017-1210-8","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of leptospira Serogroup Pomona infections among wild and domestic animals in Spain","volume":"14","author":"Arent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-2958.2004.04067.X","article-title":"Structure, function and evolution of microbial adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases","volume":"52","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. 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