{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:29:12Z","timestamp":1791829752894,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute autoimmune vasculitis that predominantly affects children under 5 years of age. Although immune dysregulation is considered central to KD pathogenesis, the cellular heterogeneity and regulatory mechanisms underlying this process remain incompletely understood. Single-cell multi-omics technologies provide an opportunity to characterize immune alterations at high resolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from two children with typical KD and two age-matched healthy controls. Integrated single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq) were performed to characterize immune cell composition, transcriptional profiles, and chromatin accessibility. Comparative analyses were conducted to identify altered immune cell subsets and dysregulated signaling pathways in KD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with KD exhibited marked immune dysregulation, characterized by altered proportions and functional states of multiple PBMC subsets, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Notably, specific NK cell subsets were associated with the pathogenesis of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-resistant KD. Pathway analyses revealed significant dysregulation of toll-like receptor signaling, B cell and T cell receptor signaling, Th17 and Th1\/Th2 differentiation, NK cell\u2013mediated cytotoxicity, and platelet activation pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By integrating scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data, this study delineates the heterogeneity of immune cell populations in KD at the single-cell level. The findings highlight coordinated immune and platelet activation pathways that may contribute to KD-associated inflammation and IVIG resistance. These results provide mechanistic insights into KD immunopathogenesis and suggest potential cellular and molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2026.1758948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T05:22:23Z","timestamp":1768540943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Single-cell multi-omics sequencing reveals the immunological disturbance underlying Kawasaki disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuehao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Longgang, Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College (The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Longgang District Shenzhen)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Department of Experiment & Research, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College","place":["Shantou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwen","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingguo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Longgang, Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College (The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Longgang District Shenzhen)","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259094","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1259094","article-title":"Kawasaki disease and the environment: an enigmatic interplay","volume":"14","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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