{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:03:06Z","timestamp":1777100586588,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To map and synthesize human evidence on circulating non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) evaluated as biomarkers in resistant hypertension (RH), including associations with RH phenotypes, target-organ damage, and short-term treatment response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review was conducted and reported in line with PRISMA-ScR guidance. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched using RH-related terms combined with ncRNA keywords. After deduplication, titles\/abstracts and full texts were screened in Covidence. Eligible records included full-length articles and conference abstracts reporting original human research explicitly addressing RH; case reports, narrative reviews, and animal\/in vitro-only studies were excluded. Data were charted using a standardized extraction form and synthesized qualitatively due to heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight studies met inclusion criteria (five full-length articles and three congress abstracts) published between 2013 and 2024. Across studies, RH sample sizes ranged from 10 to 115 (total RH participants: 338; mean \u2248 42 per study). All studies assessed peripheral-blood matrices (serum, plasma, or PBMCs) and focused on microRNAs (miRNAs) or circular RNAs (circRNAs); no eligible study evaluated other circulating ncRNA classes (e.g., lncRNAs, snoRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs) specifically in RH. Evidence clustered into four clinical contexts: baseline RH comparisons (and separately, internal comparison of RH with versus without type 2 diabetes mellitus), RH with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and blood-pressure response to CPAP, RH with and without OSA, and RH treated with renal sympathetic denervation (RDN). Reported signals included elevated serum miR-21 in RH versus comparators (AUC \u22480.82 in one study), higher PBMC miR-1-1 and miR-195 in RH with diabetes, a three-miRNA panel (miR-378a-3p\/miR-486-5p\/miR-100-5p) discriminating CPAP responders versus non-responders (AUCs \u22480.88 training and \u22480.92 validation), increased miR-133a after RDN (\u22487.2-fold), and early post-RDN circRNA changes (hsa_circRNA_000367\u2191; hsa_circRNA_405119\u2193). Methodology (platforms and normalization) and analytic rigor varied substantially; most analyses were univariable and external validation was absent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human evidence on circulating ncRNA biomarkers in RH is sparse and fragmented. Although individual studies have reported biologically plausible associations between selected miRNAs\/circRNAs and RH-related phenotypes or short-term treatment response, current data are insufficient for clinical implementation. Larger, well-phenotyped, multicentre studies using standardized assays and independent, robust multivariable validation are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2026.1786399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:29:21Z","timestamp":1773293361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-coding RNA biomarkers in resistant hypertension: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"B\u0142aszczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin","place":["Lublin, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Biskupski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin","place":["Lublin, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Wi\u015bniowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin","place":["Lublin, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kondracki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin","place":["Lublin, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Siwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin","place":["Lublin, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Mlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin","place":["Lublin, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"G\u0142owniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin","place":["Lublin, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1707","article-title":"Role and regulation of microRNAs in aldosterone-mediated cardiac injury and dysfunction in Male rats","volume":"158","author":"Ball","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020542","article-title":"Association between resistant arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and selected microRNAs","volume":"13","author":"B\u0142aszczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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