{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:04:05Z","timestamp":1779685445739,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vitamin D serves as a critical modulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Its active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), exhibits potent antimicrobial activity in both humans and mice, positioning it as a promising adjunctive or alternative therapeutic for infectious diseases through immune modulation and clearance of pathogens. Among these, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a leading cause of foodborne zoonotic infections, presents significant global public health burdens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Employing an in vivo murine model, we recapitulated the systemic and gastrointestinal features of S. Typhimurium-induced acute salmonellosis, which elicits a vigorous pro-inflammatory cytokine response that exacerbates pathogenesis while facilitating bacterial persistence. In this context, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of 1,25(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      in an S. Typhimurium colitis model, examining its effects on infection severity, systemic immunity, and enteric immune dynamics. At three days post-infection, assessments encompassed bacterial colonization, flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes, and histopathological evaluation of tissues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings demonstrate that 1,25(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      administration confers multifaceted protective effects, including reduced bacterial burden, attenuated histopathological inflammation, modulated immune cell profiles, and prolonged survival, thereby promoting infection resolution over progression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results underscore the immunomodulatory efficacy of vitamin D in combating S. Typhimurium infection and warrant further exploration for clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2026.1816390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T04:46:44Z","timestamp":1779684404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D3 contribution to systemic and local control of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in an in vivo mouse model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michela","family":"Tarantino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorotea","family":"Ippolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Tammaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gender-Specific Prevention and Health, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Tassinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gender-Specific Prevention and Health, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Maranghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gender-Specific Prevention and Health, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Michetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Ammendola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Francia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Adone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pasquali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Chirullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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