{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:09:08Z","timestamp":1789160948718,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mol. Biosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pancreas transplantation is the gold standard endocrine replacement therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and chronic kidney disease. Histological assessment remains the cornerstone for diagnosing pancreas graft rejection, relying on the Banff classification to standardize interpretation. Transcriptomic analyses have transformed transplantation research by enabling gene expression profiling within allografts. Studies utilizing bulk RNA (RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have advanced understanding of immune-mediated graft injury. However, pancreas transplantation research remains limited by small single-center cohorts, while extrapolation from other solid organ transplants is constrained by the unique structural and functional characteristics of the pancreas graft. These challenges partially arise from the distinct compartments involved in major pancreas allograft pathologies, including exocrine injury in alloimmune-rejection response and endocrine islet injury in a myriad of post-transplant beta cell stressors (i.e., T1D recurrence, CNI-toxicity, or metabolic syndrome). The application of molecular diagnostics in pancreas transplant biopsies has been demonstrated, including clinical-grade microarray technology. Nevertheless, pancreas-specific gene expression markers remain underexplored, and robust evidence regarding their clinical utility is lacking. This review conceptualizes pancreas allograft injury as a dual-compartment process involving both exocrine rejection and endocrine islet injury, thereby providing an interpretive framework for evaluating emerging molecular diagnostics in pancreas transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2026.1825364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:32:58Z","timestamp":1782102778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular diagnostics in pancreas transplantation: past, present, and future"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tim D. A.","family":"Swaab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Clinic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Donation and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen","place":["Groningen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte C. A.","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Clinic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Pol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Donation and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen","place":["Groningen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Ramirez-Bajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Clinic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS 2040)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Ventura-Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Clinic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS 2040)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Department","place":["Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.11.2815","article-title":"Intracellular stress signaling pathways activated during human islet preparation and following acute cytokine exposure","volume":"53","author":"Abdelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0136-z","article-title":"Transplant biopsy beyond light microscopy","volume":"16","author":"Adam","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.17127","article-title":"Pretransplant kidney transcriptome captures intrinsic donor organ quality and predicts 24-month outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Archer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009531","article-title":"Glucocorticoid signaling in pancreatic islets modulates gene regulatory programs and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Aylward","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002694","article-title":"How should pancreas transplant rejection be treated?","volume":"103","author":"Aziz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2475-7","article-title":"Rapamycin toxicity in MIN6 cells and rat and human islets is mediated by the inhibition of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2)","volume":"55","author":"Barlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12682","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2024.12682","article-title":"Accessibility of percutaneous biopsy in retrocolic-placed pancreatic grafts with a duodeno-duodenostomy","volume":"37","author":"Bassaganyas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.04.015","article-title":"Application of the Banff Human Organ Transplant Panel to kidney transplant biopsies with features suspicious for antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"104","author":"Beadle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16738","article-title":"First world consensus conference on pancreas transplantation: part I\u2014Methods and results of literature search","volume":"21","author":"Boggi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.09.032","article-title":"Gene expression\u2013based molecular scoring of pancreas transplant rejection for a quantitative assessment of rejection severity and resistance to treatment","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000243","article-title":"Biomarkers in Transplantation\u2014Proteomics and metabolomics","volume":"38","author":"Christians","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.suppl_2.s97","article-title":"Mechanisms of pancreatic \u0392-Cell death in Type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Cnop","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568446","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.568446","article-title":"Molecular footprints of the immune assault on pancreatic beta cells in Type 1 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Colli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40472-025-00501-8","article-title":"Non-invasive biomarkers for kidney transplant monitoring: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Damas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Transpl. Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000133530.26680.dc","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of renal-allograft rejection: correlation with histopathologic evaluation and antirejection-therapy resistance","volume":"78","author":"Desvaux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199908150-00012","article-title":"Islet cell damage associated with tacrolimus and cyclosporine: morphological features in pancreas allograft biopsies and clinical correlation","volume":"68","author":"Drachenberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2023.10.011","article-title":"Banff 2022 pancreas transplantation multidisciplinary report: refinement of guidelines for T cell-mediated rejection, antibody-mediated rejection and islet pathology. Assessment of duodenal cuff biopsies and non-invasive diagnostic methods","volume":"24","author":"Drachenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e613","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001059","article-title":"Pancreatic islet changes in human whole organ pancreas explants: what can be learned from explanted samples?","volume":"6","author":"Dumbill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.12.012","article-title":"Glucocorticoid induces human beta cell dysfunction by involving riborepressor GAS5 LincRNA","volume":"32","author":"Esguerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.11.20098285","volume-title":"Diagnosis of T-Cell-Mediated Kidney Rejection by Biopsy-based Proteomics and Machine Learning","author":"Fang","year":"2020"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00531-x","article-title":"Single-cell multi-omics analysis of human pancreatic islets reveals novel cellular states in type 1 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Fasolino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11710","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2023.11710","article-title":"Banff human organ transplant consensus gene Panel for the detection of antibody mediated rejection in heart allograft biopsies","volume":"36","author":"Giarraputo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2022.03.059","article-title":"The 2022 international pancreas transplant registry Report\u2014A review","volume":"54","author":"Gruessner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12590","article-title":"Banff 2013 meeting report: inclusion of C4d-Negative antibody-mediated rejection and antibody-associated arterial lesions","volume":"14","author":"Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14625","article-title":"The Banff 2017 Kidney Meeting Report: revised diagnostic criteria for chronic active T cell\u2013mediated rejection, antibody-mediated rejection, and prospects for integrative endpoints for next-generation clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Haas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004624","article-title":"The molecular phenotype of kidney transplants: insights from the MMDx Project","volume":"108","author":"Halloran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104782","article-title":"Novel transcriptomic signatures associated with premature kidney allograft failure","volume":"96","author":"Hruba","year":"2023","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1848","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001848","article-title":"Intercenter variability in the application of biopsy-based transcriptomics in kidney Transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Hruba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15553","article-title":"Peripheral blood transcriptome analysis and development of classification model for diagnosing antibody-mediated rejection vs accommodation in ABO-incompatible kidney transplant","volume":"20","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab021","article-title":"The \u03b2 cell in diabetes: integrating biomarkers with functional measures","volume":"42","author":"Kahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122709","article-title":"A common rejection module (CRM) for acute rejection across multiple organs identifies novel therapeutics for organ transplantation","volume":"210","author":"Khatri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39859-7","article-title":"Transcriptional and spatial profiling of the kidney allograft unravels a central role for FcyRIII+ innate immune cells in rejection","volume":"14","author":"Lamarth\u00e9e","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020262","article-title":"Non-Invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of kidney Allograft dysfunction: current and future applications in the era of precision medicine","volume":"61","author":"Lazarou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004466","article-title":"The utility of spatial transcriptomics for solid organ transplantation","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14107","article-title":"The banff 2015 kidney meeting report: current challenges in rejection classification and prospects for adopting molecular pathology","volume":"17","author":"Loupy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.11.028","article-title":"Thirty years of the International Banff Classification for Allograft Pathology: the past, present, and future of kidney transplant diagnostics","volume":"101","author":"Loupy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31818c8fbf","article-title":"A pilot study of Gene Expression-Based Categorization of Pancreas transplant biopsies","volume":"87","author":"Luan","year":"","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31818c8fbf","article-title":"Gene expression based categorization of pancreas transplant biopsies","volume":"87","author":"Luan","year":"","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.04.015","article-title":"Exploring kidney allograft rejection: a proof-of-concept study using spatial transcriptomics","volume":"24","author":"Martin-Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2400763","article-title":"A randomized phase 2 trial of Felzartamab in antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"391","author":"Mayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16059","article-title":"Banff 2019 Meeting Report: molecular diagnostics in solid organ transplantation\u2013Consensus for the Banff Human Organ Transplant (B-HOT) gene panel and open source multicenter validation","volume":"20","author":"Mengel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-016-0783-x","article-title":"Biomarkers of \u03b2-Cell stress and death in type 1 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Mirmira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Diab Rep."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670683","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1670683","article-title":"The single-cell revolution in transplantation: high-resolution mapping of graft rejection, tolerance, and injury","volume":"16","author":"Mou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004896","article-title":"RNA-sequencing of human kidney allografts and delineation of T-Cell genes, gene sets, and pathways associated with acute T cell-mediated rejection","volume":"108","author":"Mueller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.113","article-title":"Molecular diagnostics in transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Naesens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05699-1","article-title":"Lessons from single-cell RNA sequencing of human islets","volume":"65","author":"Ngara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12443","article-title":"Acute cellular and antibody-mediated rejection of the pancreas allograft: incidence, risk factors and outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Niederhaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13007","article-title":"Concurrent biopsies of both grafts in recipients of simultaneous pancreas and kidney demonstrate high rates of discordance for rejection as well as discordance in type of rejection - a retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"Parajuli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414447","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1414447","article-title":"Loss of \u03b2-cell identity and dedifferentiation, not an irreversible process?","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12079","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of T cell-mediated rejection in human kidney transplant biopsies","volume":"13","author":"Reeve","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15351","article-title":"Generating automated kidney transplant biopsy reports combining molecular measurements with ensembles of machine learning classifiers","volume":"19","author":"Reeve","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14065","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14065","article-title":"Molecular assessment of antibody-mediated rejection in human pancreas allograft biopsies","volume":"34","author":"Roufosse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035588","article-title":"Molecular heterogeneity in acute renal allograft rejection identified by DNA microarray profiling","volume":"349","author":"Sarwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12070997","article-title":"Next-Generation Sequencing Technology: current trends and advancements","volume":"12","author":"Satam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12150","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection in human kidney transplants","volume":"13","author":"Sellar\u00e9s","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.11.012","article-title":"Transcriptomic signatures of chronic active antibody-mediated rejection deciphered by RNA sequencing of human kidney allografts","volume":"105","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004960","article-title":"Indications, techniques, and barriers for pancreas transplant biopsy: a Consensus Perspective from a Survey of US centers","volume":"108","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40050","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.154955","article-title":"Calcineurin signaling regulates human islet \u03b2-cell survival","volume":"285","author":"Soleimanpour","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.2.695","article-title":"Quantitative detection of immune activation transcripts as a diagnostic tool in kidney transplantation","volume":"94","author":"Strehlau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29588-8","article-title":"Generation of human islet cell type-specific identity genesets","volume":"13","author":"Van Gurp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.07.025","article-title":"Stronger together: the power of cross-organ data sets for improved allograft study outcomes","volume":"106","author":"Vaulet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000350","article-title":"The clinical relevance of the infiltrating immune cell composition in kidney transplant rejection","volume":"35","author":"Vaulet","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004088","article-title":"Donor-derived cell-free DNA shows high sensitivity for the diagnosis of pancreas graft rejection in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation","volume":"106","author":"Ventura-Aguiar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60609-7","article-title":"Pancreas transplantation","volume":"373","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1321","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001321","article-title":"Early experience using donor-derived cell-free DNA for surveillance of rejection following simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl. Direct"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.08.018","article-title":"RNA sequencing of single human islet cells reveals type 2 diabetes genes","volume":"24","author":"Xin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1459","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001459","article-title":"An initial analysis of the baseline levels of Dd-cfDNA after pancreas transplantation: a prospective Study from high-volume centers in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl. Direct"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13040706","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes: established facts and new insights","volume":"13","author":"Zajec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e127543","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.127543","article-title":"Pretransplant transcriptomic signature in peripheral blood predicts early acute rejection","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.04.025","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of kidney allograft rejection based on the Banff Human Organ Transplant gene panel: a multicenter international study","volume":"25","author":"Zielinski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2026.1825364\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:33:07Z","timestamp":1782102787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmolb.2026.1825364\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmolb.2026.1825364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2026.1825364","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-889X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-889X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"article-number":"1825364"}}