{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:51:08Z","timestamp":1790103068171,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T05:39:30Z","timestamp":1590039570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of 630-nm Red Light on Cognitive Function in Older Adults With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nayan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuibai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maolong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongjuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihui","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqian","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.01.010","article-title":"2019 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Photobiomodulation with polarized light in the treatment of cutaneous and mucosal ulcerative lesions","volume":"31","author":"Aragona","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7586","article-title":"SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials","volume":"346","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2018.4555","article-title":"Effects of home photobiomodulation treatments on cognitive and behavioral function, cerebral perfusion, and resting-state functional connectivity in patients with dementia: a pilot trial","volume":"37","author":"Chao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0697-5","article-title":"Effect of aldehydes derived from oxidative deamination and oxidative stress on \u03b2-amyloid aggregation; pathological implications to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04181.x","article-title":"Potential inplications of endogenous aldehydes in \u03b2-amyloid misfolding, oligomerization and fibrillogenesis","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-4580(00)83371-0","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease assessment scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) among the elderly chinese in hong kong","volume":"29","author":"Chu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12397","article-title":"Low-level laser (light) therapy increases mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis in C2C12 myotubes with a peak response at 3-6 h","volume":"91","author":"Ferraresi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00598","article-title":"Resveratrol attenuates formaldehyde induced hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and cytotoxicity in N2a cells","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7211.670","article-title":"What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials","volume":"319","author":"Hollis","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.12.006","article-title":"The cost of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in China and re-estimation of costs worldwide","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90034-0","article-title":"A Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; impact of illiteracy in a Shanghai dementia survey","volume":"41","author":"Katzman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13439","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3233\/rnn-150559","article-title":"Pre-conditioning with transcranial low-level light therapy reduces neuroinflammation and protects blood-brain barrier after focal cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3263","article-title":"Resting-state fMRI: a review of methods and clinical applications","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2017.1368053","article-title":"Acute formaldehyde exposure induced early Alzheimer-like changes in mouse brain","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.04.028","article-title":"Formaldehyde induces hyperphosphorylation and polymerization of Tau protein both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"1830","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2011.01.017","article-title":"Metabolic mechanisms of methanol\/formaldehyde in isolated rat hepatocytes: carbonyl-metabolizing enzymes versus oxidative stress","volume":"191","author":"MacAllister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"61","article-title":"Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index","volume":"14","author":"Mahoney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md. State Med. J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000242775.14642.b8","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy applied transcranially to rats after induction of stroke significantly reduces long-term neurological deficits","volume":"37","author":"Oron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2007.2064","article-title":"Ga-As (808 nm) laser irradiation enhances ATP production in human neuronal cells in culture","volume":"25","author":"Oron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205011666140425112043","article-title":"Is formaldehyde the missing link in AD pathology? The differential aggregation of amyloid-\u03b2 with APOE isoforms in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Rizak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-2012-120817","article-title":"Low-level light therapy improves cortical metabolic capacity and memory retention","volume":"32","author":"Rojas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0852-4","article-title":"Brain photobiomodulation therapy: a narrative review","volume":"55","author":"Salehpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2016.4227","article-title":"Significant improvement in cognition in mild to moderately severe dementia cases treated with transcranial plus intranasal photobiomodulation: case series report","volume":"35","author":"Saltmarche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h681","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h681","article-title":"Intention to treat analysis versus per protocol analysis of trial data","volume":"350","author":"Sedgwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006189","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006189","article-title":"Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease","volume":"1","author":"Serrano-Pozo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400917697342","article-title":"Resting state fMRI: a review on methods in resting state connectivity analysis and resting state networks","volume":"30","author":"Smitha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.11.048","article-title":"Light-triggered dissociation of self-assembled \u03b2-amyloid aggregates into small, nontoxic fragments by ruthenium (II) complex","volume":"36","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025031","article-title":"REST: a toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/15376510701555288","article-title":"The effects of inhaled formaldehyde on oxidant and antioxidant systems of rat cerebellum during the postnatal development process","volume":"18","author":"Songur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-012-9388-8","article-title":"Accumulated hippocampal formaldehyde induces age-dependent memory decline","volume":"35","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-160357","article-title":"Urine formaldehyde predicts cognitive impairment in post-stroke dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Tong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12356","article-title":"Formaldehyde in brain: an overlooked player in neurodegeneration?","volume":"127","author":"Tulpule","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.9b00090","article-title":"Formaldehyde, epigenetics, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2757","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the neuropsychiatric inventory in mainland China","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201400069","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy for traumatic brain injury in mice increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Xuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108003","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.19.10.108003","article-title":"Transcranial low-level laser therapy enhances learning, memory and neuroprogenitor cells after traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"19","author":"Xuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-131532","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and methanol toxicity (part 2): lessons from four rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) chronically fed methanol","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","article-title":"Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Yesavage","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.09.007","article-title":"New insight into Alzheimer\u2019s disease: light reverses A\u03b2-obstructed interstitial fluid flow and ameliorates memory decline in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"5","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2018.7520","article-title":"Illumination with 630 nm red light reduces oxidative stress and restores memory by photo-activating catalase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase in SAMP8 mice","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00143\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T05:39:34Z","timestamp":1590039574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00143\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"article-number":"143"}}