{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T05:13:09Z","timestamp":1776489189048,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSI2013-47724-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2013-47724-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSI2016-77475-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2016-77475-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU014\/01460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU014\/01460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003741","name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d\u2019Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FI-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI-2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d\u2019Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FI-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI-2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Although exercise is known to have a neuroprotective effect in aging, the mediators underlying the exercise-cognition association remain poorly understood. In this paper we aimed to study the molecular, brain, and behavioral changes related to physical activity and their potential role as mediators.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We obtained demographic, physical activity outcomes [sportive physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)], plasma biomarkers (TNF-\u03b1, ICAM-1, HGF, SDF1-\u03b1, and BDNF), structural-MRI (brain volume areas), psychological and sleep health (mood, depressive and distress symptoms, and sleep quality), and multi-domain cognitive data from 115 adults aged 50\u201370 years. We conducted linear regression models and mediation analyses stratifying results by sex in a final sample of 104 individuals [65 women (age = 56.75 \u00b1 4.96) and 39 men (age = 58.59 \u00b1 5.86)].<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Women engaging in greater amounts of exercising showed lower TNF-\u03b1 levels and greater dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe volumes. Men engaging in greater amounts of exercise showed greater temporal lobe volumes. CRF levels were not related to any of the analyzed outcomes in women but in men higher CRF was associated with lower TNF-\u03b1, HGF and ventricle volumes, greater volume of temporal and parietal lobes and fewer depressive symptoms and better mood. In men, reduced TNF-\u03b1 and HGF levels mediated brain and cognitive CRF-related benefits.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Our results show that exercise is a promising approach for influencing inflammation and brain volume and also contributes to ongoing discussions about the physiological mediators for the association between CRF and cognition in men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.615247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T06:32:47Z","timestamp":1615185167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Exercise and Fitness Neuroprotective Effects: Molecular, Brain Volume and Psychological Correlates and Their Mediating Role in Healthy Late-Middle-Aged Women and Men"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"Castells-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Roig-Coll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalia","family":"Dacosta-Aguayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"Lamonja-Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelika K.","family":"Sawicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Tor\u00e1n-Monserrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillem","family":"Pera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Montero-Al\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Heras-Tebar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sira","family":"Dom\u00e8nech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Via","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirk I.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Matar\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.04.002","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cause mortality: the henry ford exercise testing (FIT) project","volume":"9","author":"Al-Mallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088548","article-title":"Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications","volume":"10","author":"Ansdell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.09.005","article-title":"Association of change in brain structure to objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in older adults: age, gene\/environment susceptibility-reykjavik study","volume":"296","author":"Arnardottir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40842-8_5","article-title":"\u201cSex differences in sleep,\u201d","volume-title":"Sleep Disorders in Women","author":"Baker","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz093","article-title":"Sex-specific relationship between long-term maintenance of physical activity and cognition in the health ABC study: potential role of hippocampal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume","volume":"75","author":"Barha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.04.002","article-title":"Sex differences in exercise efficacy to improve cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in older humans","volume":"46","author":"Barha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00329","article-title":"Biological sex: a potential moderator of physical activity efficacy on brain health","volume":"11","author":"Barha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-180067","article-title":"Exercise and the aging brain: considerations for sex differences","volume":"4","author":"Barha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Plast"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.013","article-title":"Association between physical activity and brain health in older adults","volume":"34","author":"Benedict","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318206c66e","article-title":"Associations between physical activity and physical and mental health\u2014a HUNT 3 study","volume":"43","author":"Bertheussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.03.009","article-title":"Physical activity and mental well-being in a cohort aged 60\u201364 years","volume":"49","author":"Black","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00055-0","article-title":"Clinical validity of the \u201cmini-mental state\u201d for Spanish speaking communities","volume":"39","author":"Blesa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.09.023","article-title":"Body mass and cognitive decline are indirectly associated via inflammation among aging adults","volume":"60","author":"Bourassa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.03.008","article-title":"Exercise moderates age-related atrophy of the medial temporal lobe","volume":"32","author":"Bugg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000317094.86209.cb","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer disease","volume":"71","author":"Burns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00216","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of cognitive, aerobic exercise, and combined training on cognition, health, and brain outcomes in physically inactive older adults: the projecte moviment protocol","volume":"11","author":"Castells-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002570","article-title":"Sex matters in the association between physical activity and fitness with cognition","author":"Castells-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1109\/42.650882","article-title":"Volumetric transformation of brain anatomy","volume":"16","author":"Christensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52307.x","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and inflammatory markers in older adults: findings from the health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"52","author":"Colbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.01.003","article-title":"Objectively measured and self-reported sedentary time in older Canadians","volume":"2","author":"Copeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.018","article-title":"Patch-based segmentation using expert priors: application to hippocampus and ventricle segmentation","volume":"54","author":"Coup\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.12.043","article-title":"Cardio-respiratory fitness, habitual physical activity, and serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in men and women","volume":"451","author":"Currie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01046.2018","article-title":"Sex differences in the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain function in older adulthood","volume":"126","author":"Dimech","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.6.760","article-title":"Association between physical activity, physical performance, and inflammatory biomarkers in an elderly population: the InCHIANTI study","volume":"60","author":"Elosua","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.034","article-title":"Physical activity, fitness, and gray matter volume","volume":"35","author":"Erickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20547","article-title":"Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans","volume":"19","author":"Erickson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f88359","article-title":"Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: the cardiovascular health study","volume":"75","author":"Erickson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","article-title":"Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory","volume":"108","author":"Erickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.10.042","article-title":"Physically active life style is associated with increased grey matter brain volume in a medial parieto-frontal network","volume":"359","author":"Eyme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.043","article-title":"Physical activity and memory functions: are neurotrophins and cerebral gray matter volume the missing link?","volume":"49","author":"Fl\u00f6el","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0392-0","article-title":"Physical activity and mental well-being in older people participating in the Better Ageing Project","volume":"100","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2014.1623","article-title":"Exercise attenuates the major hallmarks of aging","volume":"18","author":"Garatachea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000250175.14861.77","article-title":"Physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase\u2013dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow","volume":"99","author":"Gertz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00676.x","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of aging, cardiopulmonary fitness level, and education","volume":"45","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182703fd2","article-title":"Neuroprotective lifestyles and the aging brain: activity, atrophy, and white matter integrity","volume":"79","author":"Gow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0547-3","article-title":"Association between insomnia and cognitive performance, gray matter volume, and white matter microstructure in cognitively unimpaired adults","volume":"12","author":"Grau-Rivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 2nd Edn","author":"Hayes","year":"2017"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31819cb8a2","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and preserved medial temporal lobe volume in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"23","author":"Honea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12069","article-title":"The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: a review","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134683","article-title":"The Stroop effect: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis in healthy young adults","volume":"716","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70085-7","article-title":"Adipokines: a link between obesity and dementia?","volume":"13","author":"Kiliaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2946","article-title":"Consistently high sports\/exercise activity is associated with better sleep quality, continuity, and depth in midlife women: the SWAN sleep study","volume":"36","author":"Kline","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198706000-00012","article-title":"Estimation of VO2max from a one-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight","volume":"19","author":"Kline","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2011.569486","article-title":"The relationship between exercise participation and well-being of the retired elderly","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment. 5th Edn","author":"Lezak","year":"2012"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2017.09.001","article-title":"Sleep in Normal Aging","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860701797232","article-title":"Movement in mind: the relationship of exercise with cognitive status for older adults in the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care (SNAC)","volume":"12","author":"Lindwall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228473","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228473","article-title":"Age effect on gray matter volume changes after sleep restriction","volume":"15","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.4321\/S1131-57682002001000003","article-title":"Versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del cuestionario de yesavage abreviado (GDS) para el despistaje de depresi\u00f3n en mayores de 65 a\u00f1os: adaptaci\u00f3n y validaci\u00f3n","volume":"12","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medifam"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"262","article-title":"Validation of the S-IQCODE: the Spanish version of the informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly","volume":"55","author":"Morales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2016.93","article-title":"MRICloud: delivering high-throughput MRI neuroinformatics as cloud-based software as a service","volume":"18","author":"Mori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182013","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182013","article-title":"The relations between sleep, time of physical activity, and time outdoors among adult women","volume":"12","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096587","article-title":"Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Northey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.002","article-title":"Atlas-based whole brain white matter analysis using large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping: application to normal elderly and Alzheimer's disease participants","volume":"46","author":"Oishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00148-x","article-title":"Differential associations of engagement in physical activity and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness with brain volume in middle-aged to older adults","volume":"14","author":"Raichlen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"81","article-title":"Propiedades clinim\u00e9tricas de la version castellana del cuestionario de Pittsburg","volume":"9","author":"Rico","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vigilia-Sue\u00f1o"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.4321\/S1135-57272012000500004","article-title":"Validation of a Spanish short version of the minnesota leisure time physical activity questionnaire (VREM)","volume":"86","author":"Ruiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Salud Publica"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7239639","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7239639","article-title":"Exercise modulates oxidative stress and inflammation in aging and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"2016","author":"Sallam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.071","article-title":"A systematic review of MRI studies examining the relationship between physical fitness and activity and the white matter of the ageing brain","volume":"131","author":"Sexton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e192745","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2745","article-title":"Association of accelerometer-measured light-intensity physical activity with brain volume: the framingham heart study","volume":"2","author":"Spartano","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039708248455","article-title":"Visual analogue mood scales to measure internal mood state in neurologically impaired patients: description and initial validity evidence","volume":"11","author":"Stern","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00626","article-title":"Mediators of physical activity on neurocognitive function: a review at multiple levels of analysis","volume":"10","author":"Stillman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.03.018","article-title":"Joggin'the noggin: towards a physiological understanding of exercise-induced cognitive benefits","volume":"88","author":"Stimpson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B64","volume-title":"A Compendium of Neuropsychological Test, 2nd Edn","author":"Strauss","year":"1998"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf047","article-title":"Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults","volume":"156","author":"Strawbridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.08.002","article-title":"Prospective study of cardiorespiratory fitness and depressive symptoms in women and men","volume":"43","author":"Sui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022733","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal volume, and frequency of forgetting in older adults","volume":"25","author":"Szabo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00977","article-title":"Understanding the positive associations of sleep, physical activity, fruit, and vegetable intake as predictors of quality of life and subjective health across age groups: a theory based, cross-sectional web-based study","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S103079","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the spanish version of the clinical outcomes in routine evaluation\u2013outcome measure","volume":"12","author":"Trujillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22397","article-title":"Low-intensity daily walking activity is associated with hippocampal volume in older adults","volume":"25","author":"Varma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22586","article-title":"Hippocampal sub-regional shape and physical activity in older adults","volume":"26","author":"Varma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939285","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/939285","article-title":"Caudate nucleus volume mediates the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive flexibility in older adults","volume":"2012","author":"Verstynen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.143","article-title":"Multi-atlas segmentation with joint label fusion","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE PAMI"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.11.008","article-title":"The association between aerobic fitness and executive function is mediated by prefrontal cortex volume","volume":"26","author":"Weinstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2174\/157340012800792957","article-title":"Neurobiological underpinnings of the estrogen-mood relationship","volume":"8","author":"Wharton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rev"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2016.1253013","article-title":"Physical activity and cognition: a mediating role of efficient sleep","volume":"16","author":"Wilckens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep. Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.1467","article-title":"Association of midlife cardiorespiratory fitness with incident depression and cardiovascular death after depression in later life","volume":"75","author":"Willis","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.05.030","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and gray matter volume in the temporal, frontal, and cerebellar regions in the general population","volume":"95","author":"Wittfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007253","article-title":"Montreal cognitive assessment 5-minute protocol is a brief, valid, reliable, and feasible cognitive screen for telephone administration","volume":"46","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"130","article-title":"Exercise, inflammation, and aging","volume":"3","author":"Woods","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"B81","unstructured":"Mental Health of Older Adults2017"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.042","article-title":"Resource atlases for multi-atlas brain segmentations with multiple ontology levels based on T1-weighted MRI","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2017.03.002","article-title":"Association between exercise habits and subcortical gray matter volumes in healthy elderly people: a population-based study in Japan","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.615247\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T14:39:20Z","timestamp":1615387160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.615247\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2021.615247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.615247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"article-number":"615247"}}