{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:03:42Z","timestamp":1792249422982,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a key factor in the pathophysiology of all types of glaucoma, but the mechanism of pathogenesis of glaucoma remains unclear. RGCs are a group of central nervous system (CNS) neurons whose soma are in the inner retina. The axons of RGCs form the optic nerve and converge at the optic chiasma; from there, they project to the visual cortex\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the dysfunction and death of CNS and retinal neurons caused by transneuronal degeneration of RGCs, and the view that glaucoma is a widespread neurodegenerative disease involving CNS damage appears more and more frequently in the literature. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of LGN and visual cortex neuron damage in glaucoma and possible mechanisms behind the damage. This review presents an updated and expanded view of neuronal damage in glaucoma, and reveals new and potential targets for neuroprotection and treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.643685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:42:45Z","timestamp":1617669765000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Transneuronal Degeneration in the Brain During Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mengling","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.09.006","article-title":"Anatomical and functional damage in experimental glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Agudo-Barriuso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.11.002","article-title":"The molecular basis of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma","volume":"31","author":"Almasieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101817","article-title":"Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease caused by intrinsic vulnerability factors","volume":"193","author":"Artero-Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X","article-title":"Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis","volume":"1","author":"Bourne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.06.001","article-title":"The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage","volume":"24","author":"Burgoyne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.07.001","article-title":"Critical pathogenic events underlying progression of neurodegeneration in glaucoma","volume":"31","author":"Calkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9483i","article-title":"The cell and molecular biology of glaucoma: axonopathy and the brain","volume":"53","author":"Calkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.088047","article-title":"Structure and function of parallel pathways in the primate early visual system","volume":"566","author":"Callaway","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71283-8","article-title":"Lateral geniculate nucleus in glaucoma","volume":"116","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9893","article-title":"Structural brain abnormalities in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma: a study with 3T MR imaging","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2012.10.004","article-title":"Correlation between lateral geniculate nucleus atrophy and damage to the optic disc in glaucoma","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"358","article-title":"Experimental glaucoma in primates: changes in cytochrome oxidase blobs in V1 cortex","volume":"42","author":"Crawford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"1791","article-title":"Glaucoma in primates: cytochrome oxidase reactivity in parvo- and magnocellular pathways","volume":"41","author":"Crawford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5196","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913141107","article-title":"Distal axonopathy with structural persistence in glaucomatous neurodegeneration","volume":"107","author":"Crish","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2486","article-title":"Assessment of lateral geniculate nucleus atrophy with 3T MR imaging and correlation with clinical stage of glaucoma","volume":"32","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"1593","article-title":"Selective effects of experimental glaucoma on axonal transport by retinal ganglion cells to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus","volume":"32","author":"Dandona","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000293","article-title":"Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease","volume":"35","author":"Danesh-Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1609-2","article-title":"Glaucoma: the retina and beyond","volume":"132","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3182934978","article-title":"Anatomy of the visual pathways","volume":"22","author":"De Moraes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102419","article-title":"Reorganization of the structural connectome in primary open angle Glaucoma","volume":"28","author":"Di Cio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24417","article-title":"Binocular response modulation in the lateral geniculate nucleus","volume":"527","author":"Dougherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1279633","article-title":"MR imaging of the anterior visual pathway in primary open-angle glaucoma: correlation with octopus 101 perimetry and spectralis optical coherence tomography findings","volume":"42","author":"Ersoz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(05)80042-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of optic nerve damage in primary open angle glaucoma","volume":"39","author":"Fechtner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041339","article-title":"Structural changes and astrocyte response of the lateral geniculate nucleus in a ferret model of ocular hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Fujishiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6501","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06501","article-title":"Establishment of an experimental ferret ocular hypertension model for the analysis of central visual pathway damage","volume":"4","author":"Fujishiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.10.012","article-title":"Using Kalman filtering to forecast disease trajectory for patients with normal tension glaucoma","volume":"199","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3182934af6","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma: mechanistic similarities and differences","volume":"22","author":"Ghiso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.06.002","article-title":"Towards building a more complex view of the lateral geniculate nucleus: recent advances in understanding its role","volume":"156","author":"Ghodrati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23862","article-title":"Diffuse brain damage in normal tension glaucoma","volume":"39","author":"Giorgio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.06.025","article-title":"Psychophysical testing in rodent models of glaucomatous optic neuropathy","volume":"141","author":"Grillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.086769","article-title":"Human glaucoma and neural degeneration in intracranial optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex","volume":"90","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.138172","article-title":"Atrophy of the lateral geniculate nucleus in human glaucoma detected by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"93","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2295-x","article-title":"One protein, multiple pathologies: multifaceted involvement of amyloid beta in neurodegenerative disorders of the brain and retina","volume":"73","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.06.042","article-title":"Natural history of open-angle glaucoma","volume":"116","author":"Heijl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0659-7","article-title":"Retrograde transneuronal degeneration in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus of the V1-lesioned marmoset monkey","volume":"220","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01245-4","article-title":"Neuronal chemistry and functional organization in the primate visual system","volume":"21","author":"Hendry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.127","article-title":"The koniocellular pathway in primate vision","volume":"23","author":"Hendry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5682","article-title":"Automated morphometry of the visual pathway in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"52","author":"Hernowo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108815","article-title":"Mitochondrial function is impaired in the primary visual cortex in an experimental glaucoma model","volume":"701","author":"Hvozda Arana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108225","article-title":"Glaucoma causes redox imbalance in the primary visual cortex by modulating NADPH oxidase-4, iNOS, and Nrf2 pathway in a rat experimental model","volume":"200","author":"Hvozda Arana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.03.013","article-title":"Morphological changes in the visual pathway induced by experimental glaucoma in Japanese monkeys","volume":"89","author":"Ito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07578.x","article-title":"Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress on neuronal cell death in the lateral geniculate nucleus in the monkey glaucoma model","volume":"33","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp001","article-title":"Retrograde trans-synaptic retinal ganglion cell loss identified by optical coherence tomography","volume":"132","author":"Jindahra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31469-1","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"390","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.158","article-title":"How strong is the relationship between glaucoma, the retinal nerve fibre layer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis?","volume":"29","author":"Jones-Odeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.243712","article-title":"In vivo imaging of structural, metabolic and functional brain changes in glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"Kasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.701","article-title":"The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"120","author":"Kass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0235701","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235701","article-title":"Significant intraocular pressure associated with open-angle glaucoma: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2011","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082382","article-title":"Volume of lateral geniculate nucleus in patients with Glaucoma in 7Tesla MRI","volume":"9","author":"Kosior-Jarecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1724","article-title":"Making the case: married versus separate models of alphaherpes virus anterograde transport in axons","volume":"22","author":"Kratchmarov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"2217","article-title":"Astrocyte and microglial activation in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex of glaucomatous and optic nerve transected primates","volume":"15","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.09.010","article-title":"Glaucoma and the brain: trans-synaptic degeneration, structural change, and implications for neuroprotection","volume":"63","author":"Lawlor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13902","article-title":"An investigation of lateral geniculate nucleus volume in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma using 7 tesla magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0735","article-title":"Quantification of retinal transneuronal degeneration in human glaucoma: a novel multiphoton-DAPI approach","volume":"49","author":"Lei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(80)90123-X","article-title":"Low tension glaucoma: a critical review and new material","volume":"24","author":"Levene","year":"1980","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.7134","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of central damage determination in glaucoma by magnetic resonance imaging: an observational study","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.05.059","article-title":"Impact of acute intraocular pressure elevation on the visual acuity of non-human primates","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146874","article-title":"Altered information flow and microstructure abnormalities of visual cortex in normal-tension glaucoma: evidence from resting-state fMRI and DKI","volume":"1741","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00973","article-title":"Silent free fall at disease onset: a perspective on therapeutics for progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Lopresti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.08.016","article-title":"Oxidative injury by peroxynitrite in neural and vascular tissue of the lateral geniculate nucleus in experimental glaucoma","volume":"80","author":"Luthra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26071","article-title":"Mechanical deformation of human optic nerve head and peripapillary tissue in response to acute IOP elevation","volume":"60","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8132","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1671-20.2020","article-title":"Analysis of parvocellular and magnocellular visual pathways in human retina","volume":"40","author":"Masri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0780-x","article-title":"Nogo-A inactivation improves visual plasticity and recovery after retinal injury","volume":"9","author":"Mdzomba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4914","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.13.4914","article-title":"Retinal afferent arborization patterns, dendritic field orientations, and the segregation of function in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey","volume":"85","author":"Michael","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648450","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/648450","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging for in vivo detection of degenerated optic radiation","volume":"2011","author":"Michelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12858-7","article-title":"Age-related neurodegenerative disease associated pathways identified in retinal and vitreous proteome from human glaucoma eyes","volume":"7","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31464","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31464","article-title":"Retinal structures and visual cortex activity are impaired prior to clinical vision loss in glaucoma","volume":"6","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.051","article-title":"Visual field progression in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study the impact of treatment and other baseline factors","volume":"116","author":"Musch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51281-y","article-title":"Normal tension glaucoma-like degeneration of the visual system in aged marmosets","volume":"9","author":"Noro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00363","article-title":"Changes of visual pathway and brain connectivity in glaucoma: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Nuzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52903-9.00007-8","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the afferent visual system","volume":"102","author":"Prasad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170724104305","article-title":"Neuroprotection by (endo)Cannabinoids in glaucoma and retinal neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Rapino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e141789","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.1789","article-title":"Trans-synaptic degeneration of lateral geniculate nuclei following remote loss of right eye","volume":"133","author":"Rossiter","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.02.004","article-title":"Changes in visual fields and lateral geniculate nucleus in monkey laser-induced high intraocular pressure model","volume":"86","author":"Sasaoka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17087","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011782107","article-title":"Parallel information processing channels created in the retina","volume":"107","author":"Schiller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1978.41.3.788","article-title":"Functional specificity of lateral geniculate nucleus laminae of the rhesus monkey","volume":"41","author":"Schiller","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030526","article-title":"An alteration in the lateral geniculate nucleus of experimental glaucoma monkeys: in vivo positron emission tomography imaging of glial activation","volume":"7","author":"Shimazawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(89)90221-3","article-title":"Intraocular pressure and glaucoma","volume":"107","author":"Sommer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00426","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects microstructural differences of visual pathway in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.3.3.1","article-title":"Refined data analysis provides clinical evidence for central nervous system control of chronic glaucomatous neurodegeneration","volume":"3","author":"Sponsel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50793-x","article-title":"Widespread brain reorganization perturbs visuomotor coordination in early glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Trivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103172","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Vernazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01400.x","article-title":"Magnocellular and parvocellular visual pathways are both affected in a macaque monkey model of glaucoma","volume":"25","author":"Vickers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.04.008","article-title":"Retinal neurodegeneration in experimental glaucoma","volume":"220","author":"Vidal-Sanz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702880","article-title":"The neurobiology of cell death in glaucoma","volume":"21","author":"Vrabec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18969","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18969","article-title":"Structural brain alterations in primary open angle glaucoma: a 3T MRI study","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.08.006","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of the lateral geniculate nucleus: application to control and glaucoma patients","volume":"255","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20935274","article-title":"Altered coupling of cerebral blood flow and functional connectivity strength in visual and higher order cognitive cortices in primary open angle glaucoma","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02727-X","article-title":"Nitric oxide, microglial activities and neuronal cell death in the lateral geniculate nucleus of glaucomatous rats","volume":"878","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B91","first-page":"1370","article-title":"Experimental glaucoma and cell size, density, and number in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus","volume":"41","author":"Weber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0018","article-title":"The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus","volume":"27","author":"Weyand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0203j.x","article-title":"A comparison of koniocellular, magnocellular and parvocellular receptive field properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)","volume":"531","author":"Xu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591 e599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2018.01.010","article-title":"Microstructural visual pathway abnormalities in patients with primary glaucoma: 3 T diffusion kurtosis imaging study","volume":"73","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5434","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22312","article-title":"Elevated intraocular pressure induces amyloid-beta deposition and tauopathy in the lateral geniculate nucleus in a monkey model of glaucoma","volume":"58","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy338","article-title":"Demyelination precedes axonal loss in the transneuronal spread of human neurodegenerative disease","volume":"142","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121960","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121960","article-title":"Progressive thinning of visual cortex in primary open-angle glaucoma of varying severity","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.5.59","article-title":"Immediate impact of acute elevation of intraocular pressure on cortical visual motion processing","volume":"61","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3182934a55","article-title":"Central nervous system changes in glaucoma","volume":"22","author":"Yucel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.3.378","article-title":"Loss of neurons in magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus in glaucoma","volume":"118","author":"Yucel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B102","first-page":"3216","article-title":"Atrophy of relay neurons in magno- and parvocellular layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus in experimental glaucoma","volume":"42","author":"Yucel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(03)00026-0","article-title":"Effects of retinal ganglion cell loss on magno-, parvo-, koniocellular pathways in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in glaucoma","volume":"22","author":"Yucel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23049","article-title":"Selective reduction of fMRI responses to transient achromatic stimuli in the magnocellular layers of the LGN and the superficial layer of the SC of early glaucoma patients","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6171","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17286","article-title":"Retinotopic changes in the gray matter volume and cerebral blood flow in the primary visual cortex of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.643685\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:42:51Z","timestamp":1617669771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.643685\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2021.643685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.643685","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"article-number":"643685"}}