{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:30:29Z","timestamp":1782473429790,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010318","name":"University of Manitoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012479","name":"Weston Brain Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Balance and gait impairments, and consequently, mobility restrictions and falls are common in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Various cognitive deficits are also common in PD and are associated with increased fall risk. These mobility and cognitive deficits are limiting factors in a person\u2019s health, ability to perform activities of daily living, and overall quality of life. Community ambulation involves many dual-task (DT) conditions that require processing of several cognitive tasks while managing or reacting to sudden or unexpected balance challenges. DT training programs that can simultaneously target balance, gait, visuomotor, and cognitive functions are important to consider in rehabilitation and promotion of healthy active lives. In the proposed multi-center, randomized controlled trial (RCT), novel behavioral positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging methods are used to evaluate the molecular basis and neural underpinnings of: (a) the decline of mobility function in PD, specifically, balance, gait, visuomotor, and cognitive function, and (b) the effects of an engaging, game-based DT treadmill walking program on mobility and cognitive functions. Both the interactive cognitive game tasks and treadmill walking require continuous visual attention, and share spatial processing functions, notably to minimize any balance disturbance or gait deviation\/stumble. The ability to \u201cwalk and talk\u201d normally includes activation of specific regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the basal ganglia (site of degeneration in PD). The PET imaging analysis and comparison with healthy age-matched controls will allow us to identify areas of abnormal, reduced activity levels, as well as areas of excessive activity (increased attentional resources) during DT-walking. We will then be able to identify areas of brain plasticity associated with improvements in mobility functions (balance, gait, and cognition) after intervention. We expect the gait-cognitive training effect to involve re-organization of PFC activity among other, yet to be identified brain regions. The DT mobility-training platform and behavioral PET brain imaging methods are directly applicable to other diseases that affect gait and cognition, e.g., cognitive vascular impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, as well as in aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.680270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T04:51:57Z","timestamp":1622782317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Changes in Metabolic Activity and Gait Function by Dual-Task Cognitive Game-Based Treadmill System in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tony","family":"Szturm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany A.","family":"Kolesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhuvan","family":"Mahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Goertzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Hobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Marotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio P.","family":"Strafella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hyun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2019.07.018","article-title":"Comparison of selected measures of gait stability derived from center of pressure displacement signal during single and dual-task treadmill walking.","volume":"74","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","article-title":"Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex.","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.04.005","article-title":"Dual tasking affects lateral trunk control in healthy younger and older adults.","volume":"38","author":"Asai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-33","article-title":"The role of exergaming in Parkinson\u2019s disease rehabilitation: a systematic review of the evidence.","volume":"11","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318804419","article-title":"The body position spatial task, a test of whole-body spatial cognition: comparison between adults with and without parkinson disease.","volume":"32","author":"Battisto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B6","author":"Bhatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evaluation of a Computer Game Based Rehabilitation System for Assessment of Balance and gait Impairments in Individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease."},{"key":"B7","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: A Video Atlas"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e041917","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.041917","article-title":"Combination of cognitive training and assessment using mobile games with elderly participants.","volume":"16","author":"Bonnech\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.12.015","article-title":"Statistical precision and sensitivity of measures of dynamic gait stability.","volume":"178","author":"Bruijn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.057","article-title":"A review of group ICA for fMRI data and ICA for joint inference of imaging, genetic, and ERP data.","volume":"45","author":"Calhoun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-160230","article-title":"Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and falls risk: a multi-center study.","volume":"53","author":"Callisaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12464","article-title":"Different patterns of spontaneous brain activity between tremor-dominant and postural instability\/gait difficulty subtypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a resting-state fMRI study.","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.11.008","article-title":"Imposed faster and slower walking speeds influence gait stability differently in parkinson fallers.","volume":"98","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.10.019","article-title":"Short-distance walking speed tests in people with Parkinson disease: reliability, responsiveness, and validity.","volume":"39","author":"Combs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00423","article-title":"Resting state default mode network connectivity, dual task performance, gait speed, and postural sway in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"9","author":"Crockett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008823222574","article-title":"A review of health-related quality-of-life concepts and measures for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"8","author":"Damiano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00419","article-title":"Altered whole-brain and network-based functional connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"9","author":"de Schipper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/wnp.0b013e3181dd4fdb","article-title":"Executive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review.","volume":"7","author":"Dirnberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"6348102","article-title":"Can the executive control network be used to diagnose Parkinson\u2019s disease and as an efficacy indicator of deep brain stimulation?","volume":"2020","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-150536","article-title":"Neuroimaging of Freezing of Gait.","volume":"5","author":"Fasano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-2-23","article-title":"Effect of gait speed on gait rhythmicity in Parkinson\u2019s disease: variability of stride time and swing time respond differently.","volume":"2","author":"Frenkel-Toledo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18694","DOI":"10.2196\/18694","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of commercially available wearable devices for measuring steps, energy expenditure, and heart rate: systematic review.","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.09.025","article-title":"Is gait variability reliable in older adults and Parkinson\u2019s disease? Towards an optimal testing protocol.","volume":"37","author":"Galna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-017-9787-7","article-title":"Deep white matter hyperintensities, microstructural integrity and dual task walking in older people.","volume":"12","author":"Ghanavati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.073","article-title":"Dopamine depletion impairs gait automaticity by altering cortico-striatal and cerebellar processing in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"152","author":"Gilat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933","article-title":"A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex.","volume":"536","author":"Glasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results.","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-161240","article-title":"Combined dual-task gait training and aerobic exercise to improve cognition, mobility, and vascular health in community-dwelling older adults at risk for future cognitive decline1.","volume":"57","author":"Gregory","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1162\/0899766053723023","article-title":"A new approach to spatial covariance modeling of functional brain imaging data: ordinal trend analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Habeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neural. Comput."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.03.007","article-title":"Motor dual-tasking deficits predict falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective study.","volume":"26","author":"Heinzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116095","article-title":"Adjusting gait step-by-step: Brain activation during split-belt treadmill walking.","volume":"202","author":"Hinton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.02.017","article-title":"Number of strides required for reliable measurements of pace, rhythm and variability parameters of gait during normal and dual task walking in older individuals.","volume":"32","author":"Hollman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu052","article-title":"Neuroimaging of mobility in aging: a targeted review.","volume":"69","author":"Holtzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10070415","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairments attenuate prefrontal cortex activations during walking in older adults.","volume":"10","author":"Holtzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases.","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002051","article-title":"Network \u2018small-world-ness\u2019: a quantitative method for determining canonical network equivalence.","volume":"3","author":"Humphries","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.08.022","article-title":"Gait and cognition: the relationship between gait stability and variability with executive function in persons with and without dementia.","volume":"35","author":"Ijmker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.08.010","article-title":"Walking speed influences on gait cycle variability.","volume":"26","author":"Jordan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20513","article-title":"Clinical characteristics in early Parkinson\u2019s disease in a central California population-based study.","volume":"20","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Dis."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.07.009","article-title":"Separating the effects of age and walking speed on gait variability.","volume":"27","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31653-6","article-title":"Machine learning identified an Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related FDG-PET pattern which is also expressed in Lewy body dementia and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia.","volume":"8","author":"Katako","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.09.026","article-title":"The application of multilevel modelling to account for the influence of walking speed in gait analysis.","volume":"43","author":"Keene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"918719","article-title":"A review of dual-task walking deficits in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: motor and cognitive contributions, mechanisms, and clinical implications.","volume":"2012","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1172\/jci75073","article-title":"Network modulation following sham surgery in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"124","author":"Ko","year":"","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088119","article-title":"Quantifying significance of topographical similarities of disease-related brain metabolic patterns.","volume":"9","author":"Ko","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23868","article-title":"Executive functions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"26","author":"Kudlicka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.05.018","article-title":"Association between motor subtype and visuospatial and executive function in mild-moderate parkinson disease.","volume":"101","author":"Lally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11066","DOI":"10.2196\/11066","article-title":"Usability Study of Mainstream Wearable Fitness Devices: Feature Analysis and System Usability Scale Evaluation.","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2414-0","article-title":"The many roles of vision during walking.","volume":"206","author":"Logan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000477902","article-title":"Disrupted brain network hubs in subtype-specific Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"78","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"23","article-title":"Does use of dual-task cognitive game-assisted treadmill system improve balance and gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease? A feasibility study.","volume":"9","author":"Mahana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Brain Cogn. J."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316650426","article-title":"The role of the frontal lobe in complex walking among patients with parkinson\u2019s disease and healthy older adults: an fNIRS study.","volume":"30","author":"Maidan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.08.006","article-title":"Impaired executive function can predict recurrent falls in Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"95","author":"Mak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e318219dc77","article-title":"The MoCA: well-suited screen for cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease.","volume":"76","author":"Marinus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6624-1","article-title":"Expanded and independent validation of the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS).","volume":"260","author":"Martinez-Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)31325-3","article-title":"Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"388","author":"Mirelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.218248","article-title":"Cerebral metabolic changes related to freezing of gait in Parkinson disease.","volume":"60","author":"Mitchell","year":"","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly210","article-title":"Impaired sensorimotor processing during complex gait precedes behavioral changes in middle-aged adults.","volume":"74","author":"Mitchell","year":"","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4860-03.2004","article-title":"Neural bases of set-shifting deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"24","author":"Monchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7733","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.21-19-07733.2001","article-title":"Wisconsin Card Sorting revisited: distinct neural circuits participating in different stages of the task identified by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"21","author":"Monchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.08.026","article-title":"Dual-task complexity affects gait in people with mild cognitive impairment: the interplay between gait variability, dual tasking, and risk of falls.","volume":"93","author":"Montero-Odasso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.05.022","article-title":"Are impairments in visual-spatial attention a critical factor for increased falls risk in seniors? An event-related potential study.","volume":"47","author":"Nagamatsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.025","article-title":"Effect of mild cognitive impairment on the patterns of neural activity in early Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"35","author":"Nagano-Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.07.013","article-title":"The interacting effects of treadmill walking and different types of visuospatial cognitive task: Discriminating dual task and age effects.","volume":"73","author":"Nankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/pne0000076","article-title":"Comparison trail making test between individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease and health controls: suggestions of cutoff point.","volume":"10","author":"Olchik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(93)90135-m","article-title":"Visuospatial memory deficits at different stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"31","author":"Owen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313508470","article-title":"The relative contribution of physical and cognitive fall risk factors in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a large prospective cohort study.","volume":"28","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.03.021","article-title":"Dual-task interference disrupts Parkinson\u2019s gait across multiple cognitive domains.","volume":"379","author":"Penko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2469-y","article-title":"Effects of cognitive function on gait and dual tasking abilities in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease suffering from motor response fluctuations.","volume":"208","author":"Plotnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.12.012","article-title":"A meta-analysis: Parkinson\u2019s disease and dual-task walking.","volume":"62","author":"Raffegeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.01.041","article-title":"The nature of dual-task interference during gait in incident Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"265","author":"Rochester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.01.025","article-title":"Attending to the task: interference effects of functional tasks on walking in Parkinson\u2019s disease and the roles of cognition, depression, fatigue, and balance.","volume":"85","author":"Rochester","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7865-6","article-title":"Fall risk is associated with amplified functional connectivity of the central executive network in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"262","author":"Rosenberg-Katz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.003","article-title":"Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations.","volume":"52","author":"Rubinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123231","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123231","article-title":"Relationship between motor symptoms, cognition, and demographic characteristics in treated mild\/moderate Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"10","author":"Schneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102147","article-title":"Electrophysiological resting state networks of predominantly akinetic-rigid Parkinson patients: effects of dopamine therapy.","volume":"25","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.11.008","article-title":"Gait adaptability and brain activity during unaccustomed treadmill walking in healthy elderly females.","volume":"38","author":"Shimada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101975","article-title":"White matter integrity is associated with gait impairment and falls in mild cognitive impairment. results from the gait and brain study.","volume":"24","author":"Snir","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130251","article-title":"Associations between cognitive and gait performance during single- and dual-task walking in people with Parkinson disease.","volume":"94","author":"Stegem\u00f6ller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physical. Ther."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.069","article-title":"Neurocognitive enhancement in older adults: comparison of three cognitive training tasks to test a hypothesis of training transfer in brain connectivity.","author":"Strenziok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12812","article-title":"Imaging Cerebral Glucose Metabolism during Dual-Task Walking in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"31","author":"Szturm","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00105","article-title":"Computerized dual-task testing of gait and visuospatial cognitive functions; test-retest reliability and validity.","volume":"11","author":"Szturm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13084","DOI":"10.2196\/13084","article-title":"Validity evaluation of the fitbit charge2 and the garmin vivosmart HR+ in free-living environments in an older adult cohort.","volume":"7","author":"Tedesco","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-191592","article-title":"Functional connectivity signatures of Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"9","author":"Tessitore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.02155.x","article-title":"Depressed mood and executive dysfunction in early Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"107","author":"Uekermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/30918","article-title":"Collective dynamics of \u2018small-world\u2019 networks.","volume":"393","author":"Watts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27330","article-title":"Initial cognitive changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"33","author":"Weintraub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Dis."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.12.016","article-title":"Resting-state fMRI in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis.","volume":"62","author":"Wolters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17978","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75008-6","article-title":"Elevated caudate connectivity in cognitively normal Parkinson\u2019s disease patients.","volume":"10","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.126599","article-title":"Neural correlates of dual task performance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"79","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.06.014","article-title":"Motor automaticity in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"82","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.680270\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T04:52:18Z","timestamp":1622782338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.680270\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2021.680270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.680270","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"article-number":"680270"}}