{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T18:12:05Z","timestamp":1788199925560,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a common chronic progressive multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. In most cases, PD develops as a sporadic idiopathic disease. However, in 10%\u201315% of all patients, Mendelian inheritance of the disease is observed in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. To date, mutations in seven genes have been convincingly confirmed as causative in typical familial forms of PD, i.e., <jats:italic>SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, PRKN, PINK1, GBA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>DJ-1<\/jats:italic>. Family and genome-wide association studies have also identified a number of candidate disease genes and a common genetic variability at 90 loci has been linked to risk for PD. The analysis of the biological function of both proven and candidate genes made it possible to conclude that mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal dysfunction, impaired exosomal transport, and immunological processes can play important roles in the development of the pathological process of PD. The mechanisms of initiation of the pathological process and its earliest stages remain unclear. The study of the early stages of the disease (before the first motor symptoms appear) is extremely complicated by the long preclinical period. In addition, at present, the possibility of performing complex biochemical and molecular biological studies familial forms of PD is limited. However, in this case, the analysis of the state of the central nervous system can only be assessed by indirect signs, such as the level of metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral blood, and other biological fluids. One of the potential solutions to this problem is the analysis of disease models, in which it is possible to conduct a detailed in-depth study of all aspects of the pathological process, starting from its earliest stages. Many modeling options are available currently. An analysis of studies published in the 2000s suggests that toxic models in rodents are used in the vast majority of cases. However, interesting and important data for understanding the pathogenesis of PD can be obtained from other <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> models. Within the framework of this review, we will consider various models of PD that were created using various living organisms, from unicellular yeast (<jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>) and invertebrate (<jats:italic>Nematode<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>) forms to various mammalian species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.695718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T05:08:32Z","timestamp":1628226512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Modeling Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Not Only Rodents?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Shadrina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Slominsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.06.114","article-title":"Resveratrol prolongs lifespan and improves 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced oxidative damage and behavioural deficits in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"503","author":"Abolaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00130","article-title":"The gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases and relevance of the canine model: a review","volume":"11","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25145","article-title":"VPS35 mutation in Japanese patients with typical Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Ando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00205","article-title":"The enzymatic core of the Parkinson\u2019s disease-associated protein LRRK2 impairs mitochondrial biogenesis in aging yeast","volume":"11","author":"Aufschnaiter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.042308.113313","article-title":"\u03b1-synuclein: membrane interactions and toxicity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Auluck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067389","article-title":"Chaperone suppression of \u03b1-synuclein toxicity in a Drosophila model for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"295","author":"Auluck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104782","article-title":"Genetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease: an introspection of its journey towards precision medicine","volume":"137","author":"Bandres-Ciga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27614","article-title":"The endocytic membrane trafficking pathway plays a major role in the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Bandres-Ciga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202200","article-title":"Animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: are they useful or not?","volume":"10","author":"Barker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70007-5","article-title":"Premotor parkinsonism models","volume":"20","author":"Bezard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.39.110304.095804","article-title":"Drosophila as a model for human neurodegenerative disease","volume":"39","author":"Bilen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2817-y","article-title":"Genetic risk factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"373","author":"Billingsley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0080-x","article-title":"Mitochondria function associated genes contribute to Parkinson\u2019s disease risk and later age at onset","volume":"5","author":"Billingsley","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz9165","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz9165","article-title":"Identification of distinct pathological signatures induced by patient-derived \u03b1-synuclein structures in nonhuman primates","volume":"6","author":"Bourdenx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.012","article-title":"Gastric \u03b1-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner\u2019s and Auerbach\u2019s plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson\u2019s disease-related brain pathology","volume":"396","author":"Braak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/s0079-6123(08)64021-2","article-title":"Neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"117","author":"Braak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0956-9","article-title":"Stages in the development of Parkinson\u2019s disease-related pathology","volume":"318","author":"Braak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010051150","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: affection of brain stem nuclei controlling premotor and motor neurons of the somatomotor system","volume":"99","author":"Braak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9124-2_12","article-title":"Yeast-based screens to target \u03b1-synuclein toxicity","volume":"1948","author":"Br\u00e1s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.228","article-title":"Endonuclease G mediates \u03b1-synuclein cytotoxicity during Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00039","article-title":"Vulnerable parkin loss-of-function Drosophila dopaminergic neurons have advanced mitochondrial aging, mitochondrial network loss and transiently reduced autophagosome recruitment","volume":"12","author":"Cackovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10158-011-0126-1","article-title":"Caenorhabditis elegans as an experimental tool for the study of complex neurological diseases: Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"11","author":"Calahorro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invert. Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo8040070","article-title":"No Country for old worms: a systematic review of the application of C. elegans to investigate a bacterial source of environmental neurotoxicity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Caldwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10345","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500346102","article-title":"Parkin negatively regulates JNK pathway in the dopaminergic neurons of Drosophila","volume":"102","author":"Cha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-004-7379-6","article-title":"The stationary phase model of aging in yeast for the study of oxidative stress and age-related neurodegeneration","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30009","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501308200","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein alters proteasome function, protein synthesis and stationary phase viability","volume":"280","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1443","article-title":"\u03b1-synuclein phosphorylation controls neurotoxicity and inclusion formation in a Drosophila model of Parkinson disease","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072464","article-title":"Historical perspective: models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Chia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.02.010","article-title":"Pirouetting pigs: a large non-primate animal model based on unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the nigrostriatal pathway","volume":"139","author":"Christensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04779","article-title":"Drosophila pink1 is required for mitochondrial function and interacts genetically with parkin","volume":"441","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171258","article-title":"Modeling Parkinson\u2019s disease in C. elegans","volume":"8","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10993","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2993-04.2004","article-title":"Chronic exposure to rotenone models sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"24","author":"Coulom","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.10.018","article-title":"Neuroprotective and neuro-restorative effects of minocycline and rasagiline in a zebrafish 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"367","author":"Cronin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.4.302","article-title":"Abnormal \u03b1-synuclein interactions with Rab proteins in \u03b1-synuclein A30P transgenic mice","volume":"63","author":"Dalf\u00f3","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/74304","article-title":"Large animals as potential models of human mental and behavioral disorders","volume":"51","author":"Danek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/096368970000900210","article-title":"The DaNeX study of embryonic mesencephalic, dopaminergic tissue grafted to a minipig model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: preliminary findings of effect of MPTP poisoning on striatal dopaminergic markers","volume":"9","author":"Danielsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(03)00568-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: mechanisms and models","volume":"39","author":"Dauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.12.015","article-title":"Parkinsonism-related \u03b2 oscillations in the primate basal ganglia networks\u2014recent advances and clinical implications","volume":"59","author":"Deffains","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0109-x","article-title":"A predictable worm: application of Caenorhabditis elegans for mechanistic investigation of movement disorders","volume":"9","author":"Dexter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2013.10.001","article-title":"Contemporary, yeast-based approaches to understanding human genetic variation","volume":"23","author":"Dunham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.42.4.726","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: frequency and pathophysiology","volume":"42","author":"Edwards","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2015.09.012","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"172","author":"Elbaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28004","article-title":"Implications of the gut microbiome in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Elfil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.07.003","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease: from history to the interaction with the monoaminergic systems","volume":"151","author":"Faggiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.04.015","article-title":"Inhibition of formation of \u03b1-synuclein inclusions by mannosylglycerate in a yeast model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1830","author":"Faria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.02.009","article-title":"A truncating mutation in ATP13A2 is responsible for adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in Tibetan terriers","volume":"42","author":"Farias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/35006074","article-title":"A Drosophila model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"404","author":"Feany","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00769","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of modulating TREM-1 via anti-inflammation and autophagy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3390\/md14100187","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of the marine-derived compound 11-dehydrosinulariolide through DJ-1-related pathway in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"519","article-title":"Gene therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: from non-human primates to humans","volume":"12","author":"Fiandaca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086240","article-title":"Alteration of daily and circadian rhythms following dopamine depletion in MPTP treated non-human primates","volume":"9","author":"Fifel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003921","article-title":"Neuron-specific feeding RNAi in C. elegans and its use in a screen for essential genes required for GABA neuron function","volume":"9","author":"Firnhaber","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.06.060","article-title":"Heat shock prevents \u03b1-synuclein-induced apoptosis in a yeast model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"351","author":"Flower","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a020552","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020552","article-title":"Drosophila central nervous system glia","volume":"7","author":"Freeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2014.08.013","article-title":"Effect of endogenous Hsp104 chaperone in yeast models of sporadic and familial Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Gade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9040073","article-title":"Found in translation: the utility of C. elegans \u03b1-synuclein models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Gaeta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.07.012","article-title":"Human Hsp70 disaggregase reverses Parkinson\u2019s-linked \u03b1-synuclein amyloid fibrils","volume":"59","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07.003","article-title":"Tyrosol, a simple phenol from EVOO, targets multiple pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in a C. elegans model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"82","author":"Garcia-Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-018-0960-6","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: what the model systems have taught us so far","volume":"97","author":"Ghatak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Genet."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00356","article-title":"Modeling Parkinson\u2019s disease with the \u03b1-synuclein protein","volume":"11","author":"G\u00f3mez-Benito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0737556100","article-title":"Mitochondrial pathology and apoptotic muscle degeneration in Drosophila parkin mutants","volume":"100","author":"Greene","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2005.11.009","article-title":"A yeast-based model of \u03b1-synucleinopathy identifies compounds with therapeutic potential","volume":"1762","author":"Griffioen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-017-9843-5","article-title":"Differential alterations in metabolism and proteolysis-related proteins in human Parkinson\u2019s disease substantia nigra","volume":"33","author":"Gr\u00fcnblatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotox Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00368-6","article-title":"Initiation and propagation of \u03b1-synuclein aggregation in the nervous system","volume":"15","author":"Hijaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.238","article-title":"Endonuclease-G and the pathways to dopaminergic neurodegeneration: a question of location?","volume":"32","author":"Hogg","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D854","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks938","article-title":"ZFIN, the zebrafish model organism database: increased support for mutants and transgenics","volume":"41","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12111","article-title":"The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome","volume":"496","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18062","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.764795","article-title":"Up-regulation of autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) protects dopaminergic neurons in a zebrafish model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"292","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2020.01.016","article-title":"PINK1-Parkin signaling in Parkinson\u2019s disease: lessons from Drosophila","volume":"159","author":"Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.163","article-title":"Phosphorylation of 4E-BP by LRRK2 affects the maintenance of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila","volume":"27","author":"Imai","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527311211080006","article-title":"Environmental toxicants as extrinsic epigenetic factors for parkinsonism: studies employing transgenic C. elegans model","volume":"11","author":"Jadiya","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70302-2","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and movement disorders: moving forward","volume":"7","author":"Jankovic","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Jankovic","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2014_352","article-title":"Symptomatic models of Parkinson\u2019s disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in non-human primates","volume":"22","author":"Johnston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0742-4","article-title":"Liposome-based targeting of dopamine to the brain: a novel approach for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Kahana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5402","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215402","article-title":"Animal models for Parkinson\u2019s disease research: trends in the 2,000 s","volume":"20","author":"Kin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx267","article-title":"Network structure and function in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0167235","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167235","article-title":"Towards a non-human primate model of \u03b1-synucleinopathy for development of therapeutics for Parkinson\u2019s disease: optimization of AAV1\/2 delivery parameters to drive sustained expression of \u03b1 synuclein and dopaminergic degeneration in macaque","volume":"11","author":"Koprich","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.193","article-title":"Rapid selection of cyclic peptides that reduce \u03b1-synuclein toxicity in yeast and animal models","volume":"5","author":"Kritzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M504860200","article-title":"Familial Parkinson mutant \u03b1-synuclein causes dopamine neuron dysfunction in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"281","author":"Kuwahara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01809.x","article-title":"Dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficits in Caenorhabditis elegans overexpressing human \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"86","author":"Lakso","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150985","article-title":"The function of orthologues of the human Parkinson\u2019s disease gene LRRK2 across species: implications for disease modelling in preclinical research","volume":"473","author":"Langston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.04.156","article-title":"Loss of LRRK2\/PARK8 induces degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila","volume":"358","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8968","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132197599","article-title":"Human \u03b1-synuclein-harboring familial Parkinson\u2019s disease-linked Ala-53 \u2013> Thr mutation causes neurodegenerative disease with \u03b1-synuclein aggregation in transgenic mice","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6402","article-title":"Inhibition of excessive oxidative protein folding is protective in MPP(+) toxicity-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease models","volume":"25","author":"Lehtonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03810","article-title":"SiO2 nanoparticles change colour preference and cause Parkinson\u2019s-like behaviour in zebrafish","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8307","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b02607","article-title":"Pinostrobin exerts neuroprotective actions in neurotoxin-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease models through Nrf2 induction","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn276","article-title":"Novel suppressors of \u03b1-synuclein toxicity identified using yeast","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.02.005","article-title":"Nigrostriatal proteasome inhibition impairs dopamine neurotransmission and motor function in minipigs","volume":"303","author":"Lillethorup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3109\/00498254.2012.758396","article-title":"Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of rasagiline in minipigs after oral dosing or transdermal administration via a newly developed patch","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112213","article-title":"Ginseng protein protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration by inducing mitochondrial unfolded protein response in Drosophila melanogaster PINK1 model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"247","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708452105","article-title":"A Drosophila model for LRRK2-linked parkinsonism","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0183-5","article-title":"Biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease: recent advancement","volume":"33","author":"Lotankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP141","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of the Parkinson disease-associated pesticide ziram is synuclein-dependent in zebrafish embryos","volume":"124","author":"Lulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.11.051","article-title":"Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for target identification and drug screening against neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"819","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25118-z","article-title":"(Poly)phenol-digested metabolites modulate \u03b1-synuclein toxicity by regulating proteostasis","volume":"8","author":"Macedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1344.031","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease substantia nigra pars compacta reveals impairment of ubiquitin-proteasome subunits, SKP1A, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and chaperone HSC-70","volume":"1053","author":"Mandel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.01.008","article-title":"Induction of \u03b1-synuclein pathology in the enteric nervous system of the rat and non-human primate results in gastrointestinal dysmotility and transient CNS pathology","volume":"112","author":"Manfredsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2017.02.011","article-title":"C. elegans as a model system to accelerate discovery for Parkinson disease","volume":"44","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1772-1","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis from the viewpoint of small fish models","volume":"125","author":"Matsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2012.21.3.94","article-title":"Medaka fish Parkinson\u2019s disease model","volume":"21","author":"Matsui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt095","article-title":"PINK1 and Parkin complementarily protect dopaminergic neurons in vertebrates","volume":"22","author":"Matsui","year":"","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.02.046","article-title":"ATP13A2 deficiency induces a decrease in cathepsin D activity, fingerprint-like inclusion body formation, and selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons","volume":"587","author":"Matsui","year":"","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130289","article-title":"Exploring the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying Parkinson\u2019s disease in medaka fish","volume":"4","author":"Matsui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00077","article-title":"Behavioral phenotyping and pathological indicators of Parkinson\u2019s disease in C. elegans models","volume":"8","author":"Maulik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.03.004","article-title":"Circuit mechanisms of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"101","author":"McGregor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.115.179457","article-title":"Drosophila as an in vivo model for human neurodegenerative disease","volume":"201","author":"McGurk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2015.08.219","article-title":"From the baker to the bedside: yeast models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Menezes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/s0892-0362(98)00037-3","article-title":"MPTP-induced Parkinsonism in minipigs: a behavioral, biochemical and histological study","volume":"21","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.308312","article-title":"Hypokinesia and reduced dopamine levels in zebrafish lacking \u03b2- and \u03b31-synucleins","volume":"287","author":"Milanese","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1722-y","article-title":"Non-human primate models of PD to test novel therapies","volume":"125","author":"Morissette","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.10.4.403","article-title":"Evolution and variation of the yeast (Saccharomyces) genome","volume":"10","author":"Mortimer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042497999","article-title":"Neurotoxin-induced degeneration of dopamine neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"99","author":"Nass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.08.002","article-title":"Yeast red pigment modifies cloned human \u03b1-synuclein pathogenesis in Parkinson disease models in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"120","author":"Nevzglyadova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.21307\/ane-2017-020","article-title":"Continuous MPTP intoxication in the G\u00f6ttingen minipig results in chronic parkinsonian deficits","volume":"76","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-009-0217-5","article-title":"The substantia nigra pars compacta of the G\u00f6ttingen minipig: an anatomical and stereological study","volume":"213","author":"Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007106","article-title":"Mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans neuroligin-like glit-1, the apoptosis pathway and the calcium chaperone crt-1 increase dopaminergic neurodegeneration after 6-OHDA treatment","volume":"14","author":"Offenburger","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23671","article-title":"Glial \u03b1-synuclein promotes neurodegeneration characterized by a distinct transcriptional program in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-033857","article-title":"Zebrafish behavior: opportunities and challenges","volume":"40","author":"Orger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090439","article-title":"Yeast cells provide insight into \u03b1-synuclein biology and pathobiology","volume":"302","author":"Outeiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04788","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Drosophila PINK1 mutants is complemented by parkin","volume":"441","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.02.015","article-title":"LRRK2, but not pathogenic mutants, protects against H2O2 stress depending on mitochondrial function and endocytosis in a yeast model","volume":"1840","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01095","article-title":"Drosophila parkin mutants have decreased mass and cell size and increased sensitivity to oxygen radical stress","volume":"131","author":"Pesah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1681-3","article-title":"Gene therapy approaches in the non-human primate model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"125","author":"Pignataro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.11.024","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of HDAC1 and HDAC6 in vivo in a zebrafish model: therapeutic implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Pinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6020061","article-title":"Zebrafish as an emerging model for bioassay-guided natural product drug discovery for neurological disorders","volume":"6","author":"Pitchai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.48.3.752","article-title":"Linkage of the locus for cerebral cavernous hemangiomas to human chromosome 7q in four families of Mexican-American descent","volume":"48","author":"Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001364","article-title":"Parkinson risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: preparing for neuroprotective trials","volume":"84","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23754","article-title":"LRRK2 knockdown in zebrafish causes developmental defects, neuronal loss, and synuclein aggregation","volume":"94","author":"Prabhudesai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0105-1","article-title":"A novel \u201cmolecular tweezer\u201d inhibitor of \u03b1-synuclein neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Prabhudesai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623317729891","article-title":"Ninety-day local tolerability and toxicity Study of ND0612, a novel formulation of levodopa\/carbidopa, administered by subcutaneous continuous infusion in minipigs","volume":"45","author":"Ramot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.03.036","article-title":"Ultra-trace graphene oxide in a water environment triggers Parkinson\u2019s disease-like symptoms and metabolic disturbance in zebrafish larvae","volume":"93","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz176","article-title":"Vector-mediated l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine delivery reverses motor impairments in a primate model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"142","author":"Rosenblad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.10.011","article-title":"VPS41, a protein involved in lysosomal trafficking, is protective in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cellular models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Ruan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020235","article-title":"Cerium oxide nanoparticles rescue \u03b1-synuclein-induced toxicity in a yeast model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Ruotolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfx223","article-title":"From the cover: harmane-induced selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"161","author":"Sammi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25988","article-title":"In vivo gastric detection of \u03b1-synuclein inclusions in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Ferro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201500291","article-title":"1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induced Parkinson\u2019s disease in zebrafish","volume":"16","author":"Sarath Babu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.135","article-title":"When does Parkinson disease start?","volume":"67","author":"Savica","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00674","article-title":"Progress in LRRK2-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease animal models","volume":"14","author":"Seegobin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2018.10.037","article-title":"A non-human primate model for stable chronic Parkinson\u2019s disease induced by MPTP administration based on individual behavioral quantification","volume":"311","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1871-7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of dyskinesia and behavioral disorders in non-human primates: the role of serotonergic fibers","volume":"125","author":"Sgambato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0413-0","article-title":"Propagation of pathological \u03b1-synuclein in marmoset brain","volume":"5","author":"Shimozawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000084220.82329.60","article-title":"From fruit fly to bedside: translating lessons from Drosophila models of neurodegenerative disease","volume":"16","author":"Shulman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bio044347","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.044347","article-title":"Restriction of mitochondrial calcium overload by mcu inactivation renders a neuroprotective effect in zebrafish models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Soman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-08-0827","article-title":"\u03b1-synuclein-induced aggregation of cytoplasmic vesicles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"19","author":"Soper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01278.x","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of prolonged release bilayer tablets of anti-Parkinson drugs in G\u00f6ttingen minipigs","volume":"63","author":"Sousa e Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2015.11.001","article-title":"Selective toxicity of L-DOPA to dopamine transporter-expressing neurons and locomotor behavior in zebrafish larvae","volume":"52","author":"Stednitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.115","article-title":"Latrepirdine stimulates autophagy and reduces accumulation of \u03b1-synuclein in cells and in mouse brain","volume":"18","author":"Steele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.004267","article-title":"Compounds from an unbiased chemical screen reverse both ER-to-Golgi trafficking defects and mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease models","volume":"3","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Model Mech."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1415","article-title":"Improved cell therapy protocols for Parkinson\u2019s disease based on differentiation efficiency and safety of hESC-, hiPSC-, and non-human primate iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons","volume":"31","author":"Sundberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1601888","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Tarakad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1245321","article-title":"Yeast reveal a \u201cdruggable\u201d Rsp5\/Nedd4 network that ameliorates \u03b1-synuclein toxicity in neurons","volume":"342","author":"Tardiff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030391","article-title":"Targeting \u03b1-synuclein for PD therapeutics: a pursuit on all fronts","volume":"10","author":"Teil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2010.00649.x","article-title":"Simple is good: yeast models of neurodegeneration","volume":"10","author":"Tenreiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2019.1698567","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of mitoquinone and oleandrin on Parkinson\u2019s disease model in zebrafish","volume":"130","author":"\u00dcnal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00347","article-title":"Zebrafish as an animal model for drug discovery in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other movement disorders: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Vaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp394","article-title":"Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 interacts with Parkin, DJ-1 and PINK-1 in a Drosophila melanogaster model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Venderova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1174","article-title":"REM sleep behavior disorder in the marmoset MPTP model of early Parkinson disease","volume":"34","author":"Verhave","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.07.059","article-title":"Increased DAT binding in the early stage of the dopaminergic lesion: a longitudinal [11C]PE2I binding study in the MPTP-monkey","volume":"102","author":"Vezoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.06.001","article-title":"VPS35 mutations in Parkinson disease","volume":"89","author":"Vilari\u00f1o-G\u00fcell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2217\/17460751.1.4.405","article-title":"Large animal models are critical for rationally advancing regenerative therapies","volume":"1","author":"Wakeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20620","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20620","article-title":"One-step generation of triple gene-targeted pigs using CRISPR\/Cas9 system","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.11.006","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease-like motor and non-motor symptoms in rotenone-treated zebrafish","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512999","article-title":"Abnormal spontaneous neuronal discharge and local field potential both in cortex and striatum of a non-human primate of Parkinson\u2019s disease using implantable microelectrode arrays","volume-title":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.06.039","article-title":"Abnormal behavior of zebrafish mutant in dopamine transporter is rescued by clozapine","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5194\/pb-4-185-2017","article-title":"Transplantation in the nonhuman primate MPTP model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: update and perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Wianny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Primate Biol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1736-5","article-title":"Basal ganglia, movement disorders and deep brain stimulation: advances made through non-human primate research","volume":"125","author":"Wichmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9450","DOI":"10.1021\/jf072241x","article-title":"Bioactivity profiling with parallel mass spectrometry reveals an assemblage of green tea metabolites affording protection against human huntingtin and \u03b1-synuclein toxicity","volume":"55","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090389","article-title":"Yeast genes that enhance the toxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment or \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"302","author":"Willingham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002304","article-title":"A one base pair deletion in the canine ATP13A2 gene causes exon skipping and late-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in the Tibetan terrier","volume":"7","author":"W\u00f6hlke","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384878-9.00015-7","article-title":"Watching worms whither: modeling neurodegeneration in C. elegans","volume":"100","author":"Wolozin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000902","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000902","article-title":"GTPase activity plays a key role in the pathobiology of LRRK2","volume":"6","author":"Xiong","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01155","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10793","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602493103","article-title":"Mitochondrial pathology and muscle and dopaminergic neuron degeneration caused by inactivation of Drosophila Pink1 is rescued by Parkin","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.337","article-title":"Bridging high-throughput genetic and transcriptional data reveals cellular responses to \u03b1-synuclein toxicity","volume":"41","author":"Yeger-Lotem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/intbio\/zyz017","article-title":"Studying Parkinson\u2019s disease using Caenorhabditis elegans models in microfluidic devices","volume":"11","author":"Youssef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759091418777438","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091418777438","article-title":"Neurotoxin-induced animal models of Parkinson disease: pathogenic mechanism and assessment","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.10.019","article-title":"Berberine protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and zebrafish through hormetic mechanisms involving PI3K\/AKT\/Bcl-2 and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B180","first-page":"191","article-title":"Caenorhabditis elegans neuron degeneration and mitochondrial suppression caused by selected environmental chemicals","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30436-3","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated generation of guangxi bama minipigs harboring three mutations in \u03b1-synuclein causing Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.06.008","article-title":"A mutation in VPS35, encoding a subunit of the retromer complex, causes late-onset Parkinson disease","volume":"89","author":"Zimprich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.119.302964","article-title":"Large-scale transgenic Drosophila resource collections for loss- and gain-of-function studies","volume":"214","author":"Zirin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genetics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.695718\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T05:08:39Z","timestamp":1628226519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.695718\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"references-count":183,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2021.695718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.695718","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"article-number":"695718"}}