{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:00:37Z","timestamp":1792670437727,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia (PDD) is a common complication of Parkinson\u2019s disease that seriously affects patients\u2019 health and quality of life. At present, the process and pathological mechanisms of PDD remain controversial, which hinders the development of treatments. An increasing number of clinical studies have shown that alpha-synuclein (\u03b1-syn), tau, beta-amyloid (A\u03b2), and iron are closely associated with PDD severity. Thus, we inferred the vicious cycle that causes oxidative stress (OS), due to the synergistic effects of \u03b1-syn, tau, A\u03b2, and, iron, and which plays a pivotal role in the mechanism underlying PDD. First, iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production can lead to neuronal protein accumulation (e.g., \u03b1-syn andA\u03b2) and cytotoxicity. In addition, regulation of post-translational modification of \u03b1-syn by iron affects the aggregation or oligomer formation of \u03b1-syn. Iron promotes tau aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation. High levels of iron, \u03b1-syn, A\u03b2, tau, and NFTs can cause severe OS and neuroinflammation, which lead to cell death. Then, the increasing formation of \u03b1-syn, A\u03b2, and NFTs further increase iron levels, which promotes the spread of \u03b1-syn and A\u03b2 in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Finally, iron-induced neurotoxicity promotes the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3\u03b2 (GSK3\u03b2) related pathways in the synaptic terminals, which in turn play an important role in the pathological synergistic effects of \u03b1-syn, tau and A\u03b2. Thus, as the central factor regulating this vicious cycle, GSK3\u03b2 is a potential target for the prevention and treatment of PDD; this is worthy of future study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.743754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T10:03:17Z","timestamp":1633946597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Parkinson\u2019s Disease Dementia: Synergistic Effects of Alpha-Synuclein, Tau, Beta-Amyloid, and Iron"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaohua","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peipei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichun","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.27","article-title":"Cognitive decline in Parkinson disease","volume":"13","author":"Aarsland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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