{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T03:23:18Z","timestamp":1772248998805,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["641805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["641805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["661883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["661883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["675033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["675033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In glaucoma participants, both structural and functional brain changes have been observed, but we still have insufficient understanding of how these changes also affect the integrity of cortical functional networks, and how these changes relate to visual function. This is relevant, as functional network integrity may affect the applicability of future treatments, as well as the options for rehabilitation or training. Here, we compare global and local functional connectivity in local and global brain networks between glaucoma and control participants. Moreover, we study the relationship between functional connectivity and visual field (VF) loss. For our study, 20 subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 24 age-similar healthy participants were recruited to undergo an ophthalmic assessment followed by two resting-state (RS) (f)MRI scans. For each scan and for each group, the ROIs with eigenvector centrality (EC) values higher than the 95th percentile were considered the most central brain regions (\u201chubs\u201d). Hubs for which we found a significant difference in EC in both scans between glaucoma and healthy participants were considered to provide evidence for network changes. In addition, we tested the notion that a brain region's hub function in POAG might relate to the severity of a participant's VF defect, irrespective of which eye contributed mostly to this. To determine this, for each participant, eye-independent scores were derived for: (1) sensitivity of the worse eye \u2013 indicating disease severity, (2) sensitivity of both eyes combined \u2013 with one eye potentially compensating for loss in the other, or (3) difference in eye sensitivity \u2013 potentially requiring additional network interactions. By correlating each of these VF scores and the EC values, we assessed whether VF defects could be associated with centrality alterations in POAG. Our results show that no functional connectivity disruptions were found at the global brain level in POAG participants. This indicates that in glaucoma global brain network communication is preserved. Furthermore, for the Lingual Gyrus, identified as a brain hub, we found a positive correlation between the EC value and the VF sensitivity of both eyes combined. The fact that reduced local network functioning is associated with reduced binocular VF sensitivity suggests the presence of local brain reorganization that has a bearing on functional visual abilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.744139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T23:27:17Z","timestamp":1642030037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Binocular Integrated Visual Field Deficits Are Associated With Changes in Local Network Function in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Resting-State fMRI Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Demaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azzurra","family":"Invernizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ombelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joana C.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Remco J.","family":"Renken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frans W.","family":"Cornelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30770","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30770","article-title":"Optimally controlling the human connectome: the role of network topology","volume":"6","author":"Betzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"BrettM.\n            AntonJ.-L.\n            ValabregueR.\n            PolineJ.-B.\n          Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox. [Abstract]. Presented at the 8th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, June 2\u20136, Sendai, Japan \u2013 ScienceOpen2002"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.03.070","article-title":"Is fMRI \u201cnoise\u201d really noise? Resting state nuisance regressors remove variance with network structure","volume":"114","author":"Bright","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2724101","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2724101","article-title":"Studying cortical plasticity in ophthalmic and neurological disorders: from stimulus-driven to cortical circuitry modeling approaches","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plastic."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2012.02832.x","article-title":"Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging reveals visual pathway damage that correlates with clinical severity in glaucoma","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exper. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-0984-x","article-title":"Integrated visual fields: a new approach to measuring the binocular field of view and visual disability","volume":"243","author":"Crabb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Graefe's Arch. Clin. Experi. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22079","article-title":"Resting-state functional MRI: functional connectivity analysis of the visual cortex in primary open-angle glaucoma patients","volume":"34","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105931","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105931","article-title":"Structural and functional brain changes beyond visual system in patients with advanced glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Frezzotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23330","article-title":"Early changes of brain connectivity in primary open angle glaucoma","volume":"37","author":"Frezzotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126362","article-title":"Evaluation of glaucomatous damage via functional magnetic resonance imaging, and correlations thereof with anatomical and psychophysical ocular findings","volume":"10","author":"Gerente","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23862","article-title":"Diffuse brain damage in normal tension glaucoma","volume":"39","author":"Giorgio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.5.23","article-title":"Mobility-related gaze training in individuals with glaucoma: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"8","author":"Gunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.08.006","article-title":"What changes can we expect in the brain of glaucoma patients?","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630898","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.630898","article-title":"Progression of visual pathway degeneration in primary open-angle glaucoma: a longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Haykal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.348","article-title":"The groningen longitudinal glaucoma study III. The predictive value of frequency-doubling perimetry and GDx nerve fibre analyser test results for the development of glaucomatous visual field loss","volume":"23","author":"Heeg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"HernowoA. T.\n          Visual pathway morphometry in visual field defects2012"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.09.003","article-title":"rTMS treatment of visual hallucinations using a connectivity-based targeting method: a case study","volume":"12","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6139","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006139","article-title":"Structural and functional brain changes in early- and mid-stage primary open-angle glaucoma using voxel-based morphometry and functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"96","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.12.022","article-title":"Structural plasticity: rewiring the brain","volume":"17","author":"Johansen-Berg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14974","article-title":"Altered amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in primary open-angle glaucoma: a resting-state FMRI study","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investigat. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00041-1","article-title":"Agnosia for scenes in topographagnosia","volume":"41","author":"Mendez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.05.035","article-title":"Cooperative and competitive spreading dynamics on the human connectome","volume":"86","author":"Mi\u0161i\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00028","article-title":"Statistical analysis of fMRI time-series: a critical review of the GLM approach","volume":"5","author":"Monti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.08.004","article-title":"Brain involvement in glaucoma: advanced neuroimaging for understanding and monitoring a new target for therapy","volume":"13","author":"Nucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70158-2","article-title":"Functional network disruption in the degenerative dementias","volume":"10","author":"Pievani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.006","article-title":"Functional network organization of the human brain","volume":"72","author":"Power","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.064","article-title":"ICA-AROMA: A robust ICA-based strategy for removing motion artifacts from fMRI data","volume":"112","author":"Pruim","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4834","article-title":"Functional MRI signal changes in primary visual cortex corresponding to the central normal visual field of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"51","author":"Qing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investigat. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.33","article-title":"Data-driven parcellation approaches based on functional connectivity of visual cortices in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"61","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investigat. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814271349_0031","author":"R\u00e4th","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surrogates with Random Fourier Phases"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.01.008","article-title":"Vision modulation, plasticity and restoration using non-invasive brain stimulation: an IFCN-sponsored review","volume":"131","author":"Sabel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.635","article-title":"Improved surrogate data for nonlinearity tests","volume":"77","author":"Schreiber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89493","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089493","article-title":"Altered spontaneous brain activity in primary open angle glaucoma: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70039-X","article-title":"Pure topographical disorientation \u2014the anatomical basis of landmark agnosia","volume":"38","author":"Takahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cortex; a J. Devoted Study Nerv. Syst Behav."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50793-x","article-title":"Widespread brain reorganization perturbs visuomotor coordination in early glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Trivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008","article-title":"Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity","volume":"20","author":"van den Heuvel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15775","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3539-11.2011","article-title":"Rich-club organization of the human connectome","volume":"31","author":"van den Heuvel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003925","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003925.pub3","article-title":"Orientation and mobility training for adults with low vision","volume":"5","author":"Virgili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Datab Syst Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18969","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18969","article-title":"Structural brain alterations in primary open angle glaucoma: a 3T MRI study","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4221-x","article-title":"Graph theoretical analysis reveals the reorganization of the brain network pattern in primary open angle glaucoma patients","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-016-9597-3","article-title":"Altered functional connectivity within and between the default model network and the visual network in primary open-angle glaucoma: a resting-state fMRI study","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Imag. Behav."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00330","article-title":"Functional alterations in resting-state visual networks in high-tension glaucoma: an independent component analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11776","article-title":"Evidence for widespread structural brain changes in glaucoma: a preliminary voxel-based MRI study","volume":"54","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investigat. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0087","article-title":"Fast eigenvector centrality mapping of voxel-wise connectivity in functional magnetic resonance imaging: implementation, validation, and interpretation","volume":"2","author":"Wink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Connect."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.744139\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T23:27:19Z","timestamp":1642030039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.744139\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2021.744139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.744139","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.07.19.452985","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"article-number":"744139"}}