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Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> This study examines the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training on neurotransmitter concentrations in the prefrontal cortex.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> Twenty-three older adults were randomized to either active-tDCS or sham-tDCS in combination with cognitive training for 2 weeks. Active-tDCS was delivered over F3 (cathode) and F4 (anode) electrode placements for 20 min at 2 mA intensity. For each training session, 40-min of computerized cognitive training were applied with active or sham stimulation delivered during the first 20-min. Glutamine\/glutamate (Glx) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy were evaluated at baseline and at the end of 2-week intervention.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Glx concentrations increased from pre- to post-intervention (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.010) in the active versus sham group after controlling for age, number of intervention days, MoCA scores, and baseline Glx concentration. No difference in GABA concentration was detected between active and sham groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.650) after 2-week intervention.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Results provide preliminary evidence suggesting that combining cognitive training and tDCS over the prefrontal cortex elicits sustained increase in excitatory neurotransmitter concentrations. Findings support the combination of tDCS and cognitive training as a potential method for altering neurotransmitter concentrations in the frontal cortices, which may have implications for neuroplasticity in the aging brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.761348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T19:07:30Z","timestamp":1634843250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Cognitive Training on Frontal Lobe Neurotransmitter Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stacey","family":"Alvarez-Alvarado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuel M.","family":"Boutzoukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica N.","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"O\u2019Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aprinda","family":"Indahlastari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Albizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole R.","family":"Nissim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole D.","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Porges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.10.001","article-title":"Machine learning and individual variability in electric field characteristics predict tDCS treatment response.","volume":"13","author":"Albizu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.017","article-title":"Neuronal and behavioral effects of multi-day brain stimulation and memory training.","volume":"61","author":"Antonenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. 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