{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:12:43Z","timestamp":1789168363213,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> Our study examined whether levodopa challenge test (LCT) results could predict quality of life (QoL) outcomes after surgery to implant subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) electrodes to treat advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Forty patients with STN-DBS underwent a follow-up 1 year after implantation surgery to analyze the correlation between preoperative levodopa impact test results and postoperative Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III motor score, postoperative PD Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) score, and PDQ-39 improvement.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Improvements in QoL were associated with several preoperative characteristics including preoperative UPDRS-III tremor, UPDRS-III tremor (off-60) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.049), UPDRS-III tremor (off-120) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012), Mini-Mental State Examination (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012), and PDQ-39 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012) before surgery. Multiple linear regression model using preoperative MMSE [odds ratio (OR) = 0.342, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.051\u20132.297], preoperative UPDRS-III tremor (OR = 2.099, 95% CI = 0.585\u20137.535), UPDRS-III tremor (off-60) [OR = 1.316, 95% CI = 0.804\u20132.154, UPDRS-III tremor (off-120) OR = 0.913, 95% CI = 0.691\u20131.207], correctly classified 88.5% of patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Levodopa challenge test results cannot predict the effect of DBS. However, the test can be incorporated into a regression prediction model to the quality of life of PD patients after DBS with other preoperative factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.764308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T23:38:29Z","timestamp":1634773109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Can Levodopa Challenge Testing Predict the Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation? One-Year Outcomes in a Chinese Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongliang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingjing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.03.014","article-title":"The long-duration response to levodopa: phenomenology, potential mechanisms and clinical implications.","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1502165","article-title":"Developing consensus among movement disorder specialists on clinical indicators for identification and management of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a multi-country Delphi-panel approach.","volume":"34","author":"Antonini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12889","article-title":"Subthalamic deep brain stimulation and trunk posture in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"137","author":"Artusi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1159\/000100803","article-title":"Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease.","volume":"50","author":"Benabid","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22358","article-title":"Resting tremor in Parkinson disease: is the pallidum to blame?","volume":"69","author":"Boecker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25994","article-title":"Predictors of long-term outcome of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease.","volume":"89","author":"Cavallieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14530","article-title":"Validation of the Chinese version of montreal cognitive assessment basic for screening mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199907)14:4<572::AID-MDS1005>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease (CAPSIT-PD).","volume":"14","author":"Defer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.JNS182042","article-title":"Comparing two randomized deep brain stimulation trials for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"132","author":"Deuschl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J NEUROSURG"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.JNS182042","article-title":"Comparing two randomized deep brain stimulation trials for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"132","author":"Deuschl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000943","article-title":"Predicting quality of life outcomes after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation.","volume":"83","author":"Floden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380307","article-title":"Bilateral fetal nigral transplantation into the postcommissural putamen in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"38","author":"Freeman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.132","article-title":"Activities of daily living and their relationship to health-related quality of life in patients with parkinson disease after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation.","volume":"125","author":"Gorecka-Mazur","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200003000-00003","article-title":"A home diary to assess functional status in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia.","volume":"23","author":"Hauser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNF.0000229546.81245.7F","article-title":"Patient evaluation of a home diary to assess duration and severity of dyskinesia in Parkinson disease.","volume":"29","author":"Hauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases.","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2190\/0803-3FBC-6EB0-ACH4","article-title":"Development of an interview-based geriatric depression rating scale.","volume":"35","author":"Jamison","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Aging Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_92_18","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease after subthalamic stimulation: an observational cohort study for outcome prediction.","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S290","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20962","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes.","volume":"21","author":"Kleiner-Fisman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S171","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20955","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation: preoperative issues.","volume":"21","author":"Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070103","article-title":"Core assessment program for intracerebral transplantations (CAPIT).","volume":"7","author":"Langston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13056","article-title":"Predictors to quality of life improvements after subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0900380","article-title":"Validity and reliability testing of the Chinese (mainland) version of the 39-item Parkinson\u2019s disease questionnaire (PDQ-39).","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.1.100","article-title":"Episodic unresponsiveness to single doses of L-dopa in parkinsonian fluctuators.","volume":"36","author":"Melamed","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.07.002","article-title":"Correlation between the movement disorders society unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS) and the unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale (UPDRS) during L-dopa acute challenge.","volume":"17","author":"Merello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10123","article-title":"Accuracy of acute levodopa challenge for clinical prediction of sustained long-term levodopa response as a major criterion for idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis.","volume":"17","author":"Merello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e31822d1069","article-title":"DBS candidates that fall short on a levodopa challenge test: alternative and important indications.","volume":"17","author":"Morishita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00436-6","article-title":"Choice reaction time after levodopa challenge in parkinsonian patients.","volume":"181","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.35","article-title":"Eligibility criteria for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease, tremor, and dystonia.","volume":"43","author":"Munhoz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117063","article-title":"Cognitive profile as a predictor of the long-term outcome after deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"417","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.3.487","article-title":"Bilateral motor improvement and alteration of L-dopa effect in two patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease following intrastriatal transplantation of foetal ventral mesencephalon.","author":"Peschanski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100020357","article-title":"Physiopathology of experimental Parkinsonism in the monkey.","volume":"2","author":"Poirier","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e318095a4d5","article-title":"Pearls in patient selection for deep brain stimulation.","volume":"13","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.01.003","article-title":"Effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on posture in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a blind computerized analysis.","volume":"62","author":"Roediger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09810-7","article-title":"Levodopa challenge test: indications, protocol, and guide.","volume":"268","author":"Saranza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.02.019","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients over 75 years of age.","volume":"399","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.140012","article-title":"Predictors of cognitive and psychosocial outcome after STN DBS in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"82","author":"Smeding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00087-3","article-title":"Multiple-source current steering in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease (the VANTAGE study): a non-randomised, prospective, multicentre, open-label study.","volume":"14","author":"Timmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x","article-title":"The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review.","volume":"40","author":"Tombaugh","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","article-title":"Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"25","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20153","article-title":"Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the SCOPA-AUT.","volume":"19","author":"Visser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21220","article-title":"Laterality, region, and type of motor dysfunction correlate with cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000395075","article-title":"The measurement of affects: depression and anxiety.","volume":"7","author":"Zung","year":"1974","journal-title":"Mod. Probl. Pharmacopsychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.764308\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T23:38:37Z","timestamp":1634773117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.764308\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2021.764308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.764308","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"article-number":"764308"}}