{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T00:47:52Z","timestamp":1794012472427,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Probiotics have been suggested as an effective adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) due to their modulating effect on the gut microbiota, which may affect the gut-brain axis. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of two different single-strain probiotics on cognition, physical activity, and anxiety in subjects with mild and moderate AD. Eligible patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 90) with AD were randomly assigned to either of two interventions [<jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> HA-114 (10<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup> CFU) or <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic> R0175 (10<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup> CFU)] or placebo group, receiving probiotic supplement twice daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome of the study was cognitive function measured by using the two tests, namely, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the categorical verbal fluency test (CFT). Secondary outcomes included a performance in Activities of Daily Living (ADL), the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale. Linear mixed-effect models were used to investigate the independent effects of probiotics on clinical outcomes. After 12 weeks, MMSE significantly improved cognition (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>Interaction<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> &amp;lt; 0.0001), with <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic> comparisons identifying significantly more improvement in the <jats:italic>B. longum<\/jats:italic> intervention group (differences: 4.86, 95% CI: 3.91\u20135.81; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001) compared with both the placebo and <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> intervention groups (differences: 4.06, 95% CI: 3.11\u20135.01; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the two intervention groups (differences: \u22120.8, 95% CI: \u22121.74 to 0.14; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.09). In conclusion, this trial demonstrated that 12-week probiotic supplementation compared with placebo had beneficial effects on the cognition status of patients with AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1032494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T06:40:16Z","timestamp":1666852816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Effects of probiotic supplements on cognition, anxiety, and physical activity in subjects with mild and moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Camellia","family":"Akhgarjand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Vahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakineh","family":"Shab-Bidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farnaz","family":"Etesam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurosh","family":"Djafarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00662","article-title":"Does severity of Alzheimer\u2019s disease contribute to its responsiveness to modifying gut microbiota? 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