{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:31:25Z","timestamp":1793205085056,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870937, 82071320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870937, 82071320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00402053A2038, 00402053A29AT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00402053A2038, 00402053A29AT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>: Recent reports suggest retinal microvasculature mirror cerebral microcirculation. Using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), we investigated the retinal microvasculature differences between ischemic stroke patients with large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and small artery disease (SAD).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>: All patients underwent MR imaging and were classified as SAD and LAA; LAA was subdivided into anterior LAS and posterior LAS depending on the location. Swept-source OCTA (SS-OCTA) was used to image and segment the retina into the superficial vascular complex (SVC) and deep vascular complex (DVC) in a 6 \u00d7 6 mm area around the fovea. A deep learning algorithm was used to assess the vessel area density (VAD, %) in the retinal microvasculature.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>: Fifty-eight (mean age = 60.26 \u00b1 10.88 years; 81.03% males) were LAA while 64 (mean age = 55.58 \u00b1 10.34 years; 85.94% males) were SAD. LAS patients had significantly reduced VAD in the DVC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.022) compared to SAD patients; the VAD in the SVC did not show any significant difference between the two groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.580). Anterior LAA ischemic stroke showed significantly lower VAD (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002) in the SVC compared with posterior LAS patients. There was no significant difference in the DVC between the two groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.376).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>: We found LAA patients had significantly reduced DVC density compared with SAD; we also showed anterior LAA patients had significantly reduced SVC density compared with posterior LAA. These findings suggest retinal imaging has the potential to be used to detect microvasculature changes in subtypes of ischemic stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1053638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T05:29:47Z","timestamp":1671773387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Differences in retinal microvasculature between large artery atherosclerosis and small artery disease: an optical coherence tomography angiography study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Robert","family":"Kwapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuening","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yitian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.24.1.35","article-title":"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic strokeThe. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment","volume":"24","author":"Adams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012125","article-title":"APOSTEL 2.0 recommendations for reporting quantitative optical coherence tomography studies","volume":"97","author":"Aytulun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0266974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266974","article-title":"Retinal biomarkers of cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Biffi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H201","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00201.2016","article-title":"Retinal microvascular network alterations: potential biomarkers of cerebrovascular and neural diseases","volume":"312","author":"Cabrera DeBuc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42201","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42201","article-title":"Detailed vascular anatomy of the human retina by projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"7","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615252","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.615252","article-title":"Macula structure and microvascular changes in recent small subcortical infarct patients","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001738","article-title":"Retinal microvascular changes and risk of stroke: the singapore malay eye study","volume":"44","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2011.88","article-title":"The relationship between aortic stiffness and changes in retinal microvessels among Asian ischemic stroke patients","volume":"26","author":"De Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a60a71","article-title":"Differences in retinal vessels support a distinct vasculopathy causing lacunar stroke","volume":"72","author":"Doubal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.02.041","article-title":"Retinal microvascular abnormalities as surrogate markers of cerebrovascular ischemic disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Dumitrascu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.014998","article-title":"Association of retinopathy and retinal microvascular abnormalities with stroke and cerebrovascular disease","volume":"47","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000210533.24338.ea","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameters and risk of stroke: the rotterdam study","volume":"66","author":"Ikram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030215","article-title":"Plaque distribution correlates with morphology of lenticulostriate arteries in single subcortical infarctions","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.673335","article-title":"Retinal microvascular signs and risk of stroke: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"43","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2014.16.1.8","article-title":"Ischemic stroke subtype classification: an asian viewpoint","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stroke"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht185","article-title":"Secondary prevention by stroke subtype: a nationwide follow-up study in 46 108 patients after acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.20.6.1644","article-title":"Are retinal arteriolar abnormalities related to atherosclerosis?: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"20","author":"Klein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4236\/ojoph.2017.74037","article-title":"Understanding retinal changes after stroke","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787775","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.787775","article-title":"Macular microvasculature is associated with total cerebral small vessel disease burden in recent single subcortical infarction","volume":"13","author":"Kwapong","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626334","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.626334","article-title":"Reduced superficial capillary density in cerebral infarction is inversely correlated with the NIHSS score","volume":"13","author":"Kwapong","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00016","article-title":"Systematic review on fractal dimension of the retinal vasculature in neurodegeneration and stroke: assessment of a potential biomarker","volume":"14","author":"Lemmens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003071","article-title":"Retinal microvascular abnormalities and risks of incident stroke and its subtypes: the circulatory risk in communities study","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hypertens"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031886","article-title":"Retinal vasculature fractal and stroke mortality","volume":"52","author":"Liew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3042802","article-title":"ROSE: a retinal OCT-angiography vessel segmentation dataset and new model","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp306","article-title":"Prediction of incident stroke events based on retinal vessel caliber: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis","volume":"170","author":"McGeechan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000179177.15900.ca","article-title":"Retinal microvascular signs and risk of stroke and stroke mortality","volume":"65","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0561-1","article-title":"Retinal vascular changes are a marker for cerebral vascular diseases","volume":"15","author":"Moss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000018684.86293.ab","article-title":"Heterogeneity of stroke pathophysiology and neuroprotective clinical trial design","volume":"33","author":"Muir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24710","article-title":"Human parafoveal capillary vascular anatomy and connectivity revealed by optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"59","author":"Nesper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001741","article-title":"Microvascular structure and network in the retina of patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"44","author":"Ong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000888","article-title":"Retinal vascular signs and cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"40","author":"Rim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2017.01.18","article-title":"The association between retinal vasculature changes and stroke: a literature review and Meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8850309","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8850309","article-title":"Retinal structural and microvascular alterations in different acute ischemic stroke subtypes","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.01009","article-title":"The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in cerebral small vessel disease, ischemic stroke and dementia: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1053638\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T05:29:50Z","timestamp":1671773390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1053638\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1053638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1053638","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"article-number":"1053638"}}