{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T15:15:15Z","timestamp":1783782915490,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immune system plays a critical role in the development and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). However, there is disagreement as to whether development\/progression of AD involves an over-activation or an under-activation of the immune system. In either scenario, the immune system\u2019s cytokine levels are abnormal in AD and in need of rebalancing. We have recently published a pilot clinical trial (<jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02958930<\/jats:ext-link>) showing that 2 months of daily in-home Transcranial Electromagnetic Treatment (TEMT) was completely safe and resulted in reversal of AD cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the eight mild\/moderate AD subjects in this published work, the present study sought to determine if their TEMT administration had immunologic effects on blood or CSF levels of 12 cytokines. Subjects were given daily in-home TEMT for 2 months by their caregivers, utilizing first-in-class MemorEM\u2122 devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For eight plasma cytokines, AD subjects with lower baseline cytokine levels always showed increases in those cytokines after both a single treatment or after 2-months of daily TEMT. By contrast, those AD subjects with higher baseline cytokine levels in plasma showed treatment-induced decreases in plasma cytokines at both time points. Thus, a gravitation to reported normal plasma cytokine levels (i.e., a \u201crebalancing\u201d) occurred with both acute and long-term TEMT. In the CSF, TEMT-induced a similar rebalancing for seven measurable cytokines, the direction and extent of changes in individual subjects also being linked to their baseline CSF levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results strongly suggest that daily TEMT to AD subjects for 2-months can \u201crebalance\u201d levels for 11 of 12 cytokines in blood and\/or brain, which is associated with reversal of their cognitive impairment. TEMT is likely to be providing these immunoregulatory effects by affecting cytokine secretion from: (1) blood cells traveling through the head\u2019s vasculature, and (2) the brain\u2019s microglia\/astrocytes, choroid plexus, or neurons. This rebalancing of so many cytokines, and in both brain and systemic compartments, appears to be a remarkable new mechanism of TEMT action that may contribute substantially to it\u2019s potential to prevent, stop, or reverse AD and other diseases of aging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.829049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T05:10:36Z","timestamp":1651468236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Transcranial Electromagnetic Treatment \u201cRebalances\u201d Blood and Brain Cytokine Levels in Alzheimer\u2019s Patients: A New Mechanism for Reversal of Their Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chuanhai","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitham","family":"Abulaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Baranowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary W.","family":"Arendash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216.e","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.03.009","article-title":"Follow-up evaluation of cognitive function in the randomized Alzheimer\u2019s disease anti-inflammatory prevention trial and its follow-up study.","volume":"11","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2008.03.002","article-title":"Effects of a chronic GSM 900 MHz exposure on glia in the rat brain.","volume":"62","author":"Ammari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. 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