{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:04:01Z","timestamp":1753891441098,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A causal contribution of hyperhomocysteinemia to cognitive decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), as well as potential prevention or mitigation of the pathology by dietary intervention, have frequently been subjects of controversy. In the present <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> study, we attempted to further elucidate the impact of elevated homocysteine (HCys) and homocysteic acid (HCA) levels, induced by dietary B-vitamin deficiency, and micronutrient supplementation on AD-like pathology, which was simulated using the amyloid-based <jats:italic>App<jats:sup>NL\u2013G\u2013F<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> knock-in mouse model. For this purpose, cognitive assessment was complemented by analyses of <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> parameters in whole blood, serum, CSF, and brain tissues from the mice. Furthermore, neurotoxicity of HCys and HCA was assessed in a separate <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> assay. In confirmation of our previous study, older <jats:italic>App<jats:sup>NL\u2013G\u2013F<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice also exhibited subtle phenotypic impairment and extensive cerebral amyloidosis, whereas dietary manipulations did not result in significant effects. As revealed by proximity extension assay-based proteome analysis, the <jats:italic>App<jats:sup>NL\u2013G\u2013F<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> genotype led to an upregulation of AD-characteristic neuronal markers. Hyperhomocysteinemia, in contrast, indicated mainly vascular effects. Overall, since there was an absence of a distinct phenotype despite both a significant amyloid-\u03b2 burden and serum HCys elevation, the results in this study did not corroborate the pathological role of amyloid-\u03b2 according to the \u201camyloid hypothesis,\u201d nor of hyperhomocysteinemia on cognitive performance. Nevertheless, this study aided in further characterizing the <jats:italic>App<jats:sup>NL\u2013G\u2013F<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> model and in elucidating the role of HCys in diverse biological processes. The idea of AD prevention with the investigated micronutrients, however, was not supported, at least in this mouse model of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.876826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T10:53:08Z","timestamp":1651056788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Roles of Long-Term Hyperhomocysteinemia and Micronutrient Supplementation in the AppNL\u2013G\u2013F Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Nieraad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasja","family":"de Bruin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Arne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martine C. 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