{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:55:30Z","timestamp":1793372130308,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common motor symptom in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). However, the pathophysiology mechanism of FOG is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate microstructural abnormalities in subcortical gray matter and alterations in functional connectivity of the nuclei with microstructural changes. In addition, the correlations between these microstructural and functional changes and the severity of FOG were measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-four patients with FOG (PD-FOG), 22 PD patients without FOG (PD-nFOG), and 27 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. FOG Questionnaire (FOGQ) and Gait and Falling Questionnaire (GFQ) were assessed, and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests were performed in PD-FOG patients. All subjects underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional MRI scanning. The DTI measures, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD), were extracted and measured from basal ganglia, thalamus, and substantia nigra. The nuclei with microstructural alterations were selected as seed regions to perform the seed-based resting-state functional connectivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The MD and RD values of the right globus pallidus internus (GPi) were significantly higher in patients with PD-FOG compared with PD-nFOG patients and HC. In PD-FOG patients, the MD and RD values of the right GPi were significantly correlated with the time of the TUG test in both ON and OFF states. The MD values were also correlated with the GFQ scores in PD-FOG patients. Resting-state functional connectivity between the right GPi and left middle occipital gyri decreased significantly in PD-FOG patients compared to PD-nFOG patients, and was negatively correlated with GFQ scores as well as the time of ON state TUG in PD-FOG patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microstructural alterations in the right GPi and functional connectivity between the right GPi and visual cortex may be associated with the pathophysiological mechanisms of FOG in PD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.975068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T08:16:26Z","timestamp":1660810586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with the microstructural and functional changes of globus pallidus internus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Kou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanchu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117200","article-title":"The Amsterdam Ultra-high field adult lifespan database (AHEAD): a freely available multimodal 7 Tesla submillimeter magnetic resonance imaging database.","volume":"221","author":"Alkemade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.018","article-title":"Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: What can we gain?","volume":"34","author":"Behrens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00085-9","article-title":"Aberrant functional connectivity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and freezing of gait: a within- and between-network analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Bharti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imag. 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