{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:24:46Z","timestamp":1790317486719,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Down syndrome (DS) is considered the most frequent cause of early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), and the typical pathophysiological signs are present in almost all individuals with DS by the age of 40. Despite of this evidence, the investigation on the pre-dementia stages in DS is scarce. In the present study we analyzed the complexity of brain oscillatory patterns and neuropsychological performance for the characterization of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in DS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) values from resting-state magnetoencephalography recordings and the neuropsychological performance in 28 patients with DS [control DS group (CN-DS) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 14), MCI group (MCI-DS) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 14)] and 14 individuals with typical neurodevelopment (CN-no-DS) were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lempel-Ziv complexity was lowest in the frontal region within the MCI-DS group, while the CN-DS group showed reduced values in parietal areas when compared with the CN-no-DS group. Also, the CN-no-DS group exhibited the expected pattern of significant increase of LZC as a function of age, while MCI-DS cases showed a decrease. The combination of reduced LZC values and a divergent trajectory of complexity evolution with age, allowed the discrimination of CN-DS vs. MCI-DS patients with a 92.9% of sensitivity and 85.7% of specificity. Finally, a pattern of mnestic and praxic impairment was significantly associated in MCI-DS cases with the significant reduction of LZC values in frontal and parietal regions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain signal complexity measured with LZC is reduced in DS and its development with age is also disrupted. The combination of both features might assist in the detection of MCI within this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.988540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T09:49:06Z","timestamp":1666259346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Brain signal complexity in adults with Down syndrome: Potential application in the detection of mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Tora\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Bru\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Zuluaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Esteba-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ab\u00e1solo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Moldenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Shumbayawonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Maest\u00fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00575.2014","article-title":"Lempel-ziv complexity of cortical activity during sleep and waking in rats.","volume":"113","author":"Ab\u00e1solo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.883696","article-title":"Interpretation of the lempel-ziv complexity measure in the context of biomedical signal analysis.","volume":"53","author":"Aboy","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the national institute on aging-Alzheimer\u2019s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-884X(96)95573-3","article-title":"Age increases brain complexity.","volume":"99","author":"Anokhin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(200001)36:1<9::AID-DEV2<3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Complexity of electrocortical dynamics in children: Developmental aspects.","volume":"36","author":"Anokhin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.06.017","article-title":"Inter-hemispheric functional coupling of eyes-closed resting EEG rhythms in adolescents with down syndrome.","volume":"120","author":"Babiloni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B7","author":"Ball","year":"2006","journal-title":"CAMDEX-DS;the Cambridge examination for mental disorders of older people with down\u2019s syndrome and others with intellectual disabilities."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00063-6","article-title":"Dementia in Down\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"15","author":"Ballard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.043.2009","article-title":"The representation of object distance: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology.","volume":"3","author":"Berryhill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckl103","article-title":"The four ages of down syndrome.","volume":"17","author":"Bittles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/3\/036007","article-title":"Analysis of spontaneous MEG activity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease using spectral entropies and statistical complexity measures.","volume":"9","author":"Bru\u00f1a","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197127","article-title":"Relationship between quality of life and the complexity of default mode network in resting state functional magnetic resonance image in down syndrome.","volume":"17","author":"Carb\u00f3-Carret\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.341","article-title":"Dysregulation of neurotrophin signaling in the pathogenesis of alzheimer disease and of Alzheimer disease in down syndrome.","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-21-430","article-title":"Fully automated discrimination of Alzheimer\u2019s disease using resting-state electroencephalography signals.","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.5708.2013259","article-title":"[Adaptation and validation of CAMDEX-DS (Cambridge examination for mental disorders of older people with down\u2019s syndrome and others with intellectual disabilities) in Spanish population with intellectual disabilities].","volume":"57","author":"Esteba-Castillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12959","article-title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in down syndrome population.","volume":"35","author":"Esteba-Castillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.6410.2016400","article-title":"Barcelona test for intellectual disability: A new instrument for the neuropsychological assessment of adults with intellectual disability.","volume":"64","author":"Esteba-Castillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161112","article-title":"Anomalous white matter structure and the effect of age in down syndrome patients.","volume":"57","author":"Fenoll","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.03.015","article-title":"Complexity and schizophrenia.","volume":"45","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-121912","article-title":"MEG delta mapping along the healthy aging-alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum: Diagnostic implications.","volume":"35","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181c727f7","article-title":"Complexity analysis of spontaneous brain activity in alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment: An MEG study.","volume":"24","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.04.011","article-title":"Lempel-ziv complexity in schizophrenia: A MEG study.","volume":"122","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.05.079","article-title":"The correlation between white-matter microstructure and the complexity of spontaneous brain activity: A difussion tensor imaging-MEG study.","volume":"57","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.046","article-title":"Complexity analysis of spontaneous brain activity in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Diagnostic implications.","volume":"65","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.04.025","article-title":"Brain oscillatory complexity across the life span.","volume":"123","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030311","article-title":"Complexity analysis of the default mode network using resting-state fmri in down syndrome: Relationships highlighted by a neuropsychological assessment.","volume":"11","author":"Figueroa-Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.571","article-title":"Aging related cognitive changes associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease in down syndrome.","volume":"5","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30689-9","article-title":"Clinical and biomarker changes of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in adults with down syndrome: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"395","author":"Fortea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12903","article-title":"Accelerated bio-cognitive aging in down syndrome: State of the art and possible deceleration strategies.","volume":"18","author":"Franceschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122926","article-title":"Choice of magnetometers and gradiometers after signal space separation.","volume":"17","author":"Garc\u00e9s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07.017","article-title":"Neuropsychological and neurophysiological characterization of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease in down syndrome.","volume":"84","author":"Garc\u00eda-Alba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.6.3.235.3152","article-title":"Behavior rating inventory of executive function.","volume":"6","author":"Gioia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.6.775","article-title":"Alzheimer-like neurotransmitter deficits in adult Down\u2019s syndrome brain tissue.","volume":"50","author":"Godridge","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00266-4","article-title":"What is physiologic complexity and how does it change with aging and disease?","volume":"23","author":"Goldberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510749112","article-title":"Electrocorticography reveals the temporal dynamics of posterior parietal cortical activity during recognition memory decisions.","volume":"112","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz043","article-title":"Dynamic causal modeling of the relationship between cognition and theta-alpha oscillations in adults with down syndrome.","volume":"29","author":"Hamburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-013-9248-y","article-title":"Down syndrome\u2019s brain dynamics: Analysis of fractality in resting state.","volume":"7","author":"Hemmati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurodyn."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00523-4","article-title":"Changes in cortical EEG and cholinergic function in response to NGF in rats with nucleus basalis lesions.","volume":"765","author":"Holschneider","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050736","article-title":"Changes in electrocortical power and coherence in response to the selective cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin.","volume":"126","author":"Holschneider","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387","author":"Hosmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied logistic regression."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.01.001","article-title":"EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"115","author":"Jeong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(00)00107-8","article-title":"On chronological changes in the basic EEG rhythm in persons with down syndrome - with special reference to slowing of alpha waves.","volume":"22","author":"Katada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2012.690425","article-title":"A new disorder of praxis in neurodegenerative disease that may be part of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"19","author":"Kawai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.03.016","article-title":"Parietal lobe critically supports successful paired immediate and single-item delayed memory for targets.","volume":"141","author":"Krumm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24647","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities are a core feature of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Evidence from the dominantly inherited Alzheimer network.","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055501","article-title":"On the complexity of finite sequences.","volume":"22","author":"Lempel","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.10.001","article-title":"Structural neuroimaging in preclinical dementia: From microstructural deficits and grey matter atrophy to macroscale connectomic changes.","volume":"35","author":"Mak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48175","article-title":"Ten common statistical mistakes to watch out for when writing or reviewing a manuscript.","volume":"8","author":"Makin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B49","first-page":"5","article-title":"Genetic syndromes in man with potential relevance to the pathobiology of aging.","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e21060544","article-title":"EEG characterization of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum by means of multiscale entropies.","volume":"21","author":"Maturana-Candelas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12390","article-title":"A prospective 20-year longitudinal follow-up of dementia in persons with down syndrome.","volume":"61","author":"McCarron","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"48","article-title":"P300 and EEG mapping in Down\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"11","author":"Medaglini","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111408966","article-title":"Complexity analysis of spontaneous brain activity: Effects of depression and antidepressant treatment.","volume":"26","author":"M\u00e9ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2004.07.008","article-title":"Down syndrome, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and seizures.","volume":"27","author":"Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(96)95699-0","article-title":"The evolution of complexity in human brain development: An EEG study.","volume":"99","author":"Meyer-Lindenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108159","article-title":"Lesion symptom mapping of domain-specific cognitive impairments using routine imaging in stroke.","volume":"167","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy044","article-title":"Electromagnetic signatures of the preclinical and prodromal stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"141","author":"Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90162-7","article-title":"Effects of a single intravenous dose of scopolamine on the quantitative EEG in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients and age-matched controls.","volume":"91","author":"Neufeld","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/22\/002","article-title":"The magnetic lead field theorem in the quasi-static approximation and its use for magnetoenchephalography forward calculation in realistic volume conductors.","volume":"48","author":"Nolte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5674","article-title":"Acquired mild cognitive impairment in adults with down syndrome: Age-related prevalence derived from single point assessment data normed by degree of intellectual disability.","volume":"37","author":"Oliver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data.","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.024","article-title":"A longitudinal study of brain anatomy changes preceding dementia in down syndrome.","volume":"18","author":"Pujol","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2020.0897","article-title":"Hypersynchronized magnetoencephalography brain networks in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease in down syndrome.","volume":"11","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Tora\u00f1o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(91)90107-F","article-title":"The cholinergic system and EEG slow waves.","volume":"78","author":"Riekkinen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12040","article-title":"Alzheimer-related altered white matter microstructural integrity in down syndrome: A model for sporadic AD? Alzheimer\u2019s dement.","volume":"12","author":"Rosas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnosis Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3666","article-title":"Epidemiology of dementia and alzheimer disease in individuals with down syndrome.","volume":"2019","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1159\/000438857","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalography as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer\u2019s dementia in adults with down syndrome.","volume":"5","author":"Salem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Dis. Extra"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106116","article-title":"Complexity of EEG dynamics for early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease using permutation entropy neuromarker.","volume":"206","author":"\u015eeker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4228","article-title":"Dementia diagnostic criteria in down syndrome.","volume":"30","author":"Sheehan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/E21080798","article-title":"Sex differences in the complexity of healthy older adults\u2019 magnetoencephalograms.","volume":"21","author":"Shumbayawonda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.023","article-title":"Complexity changes in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An MEG study of subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"131","author":"Shumbayawonda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170624","article-title":"Predictors of age of diagnosis and survival of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in down syndrome.","volume":"61","author":"Sinai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(00)00053-8","article-title":"Connectivity and complexity: The relationship between neuroanatomy and brain dynamics.","volume":"13","author":"Sporns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.06.011","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamical analysis of EEG and MEG: Review of an emerging field.","volume":"116","author":"Stam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e22020239","article-title":"Complexity analysis of EEG, MEG, and fMRI in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review.","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/7\/008","article-title":"Spatiotemporal signal space separation method for rejecting nearby interference in MEG measurements.","volume":"51","author":"Taulu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21061","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and EEG background activity in adults with Down\u2019s syndrome: A topographic study.","volume":"32","author":"Velikova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02853","article-title":"The increase of the functional entropy of the human brain with age.","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.988540\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T09:49:13Z","timestamp":1666259353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.988540\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2022.988540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.988540","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"article-number":"988540"}}