{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T20:10:23Z","timestamp":1789589423408,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected streptozotocin (STZ) is a widely used model for sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease (sAD)-like pathology, marked by oxidative stress-mediated pathological progression. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a noninvasive technique for brain activity stimulation with the ability to induce long-term potentiation-like plasticity and represents a promising treatment for several neurological diseases, including AD. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the iTBS protocol on the animal model of STZ-induced sAD-like pathology in the context of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloidogenic effects in the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: control (icv normal saline solution), STZ (icv STZ\u20143 mg\/kg), STZ + iTBS (STZ rats subjected to iTBS protocol), and STZ + Placebo (STZ animals subjected to placebo iTBS noise artifact). Biochemical assays and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to evaluate functional and structural changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The icv STZ administration induces oxidative stress and attenuates antioxidative capacity in all examined brain regions. iTBS treatment significantly reduced oxidative and nitrosative stress parameters. Also, iTBS decreased A\u03b2-<jats:sub>1-42<\/jats:sub>and APP levels. The iTBS enhances antioxidative capacity reported as elevated activity of its enzymatic and non-enzymatic components. In addition, iTBS elevated BDNF expression and attenuated STZ-induced astrogliosis confirmed by decreased GFAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/VIM<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/C3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cell reactivity in the hippocampus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results provide experimental evidence for the beneficial effects of the applied iTBS protocol in attenuating oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant capacity and decreasing reactive astrogliosis in STZ-administrated rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1161678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T08:07:21Z","timestamp":1684397241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Intermittent theta burst stimulation attenuates oxidative stress and reactive astrogliosis in the streptozotocin-induced model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jelena B.","family":"Stanojevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Zeljkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milorad","family":"Dragic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana R.","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tihomir V.","family":"Ilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana D.","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica B.","family":"Ninkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/S00213-021-05826-7","article-title":"7,8-dihydroxyflavone improves cognitive functions in ICV-STZ rat model of sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease by reversing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance","volume":"238","author":"Akhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.17179\/EXCLI2019-1997","article-title":"Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor AS605240 ameliorates streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease like sporadic dementia in experimental rats","volume":"19","author":"Alluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JALZ.2018.02.001","article-title":"2018 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.185","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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