{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T11:10:44Z","timestamp":1793185844957,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01AG026572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AG026572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG05793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG05793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG0755122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG0755122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many lines of evidence suggest that mitochondria have a central role in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondrial dysfunction, cerebral energy dysmetabolism and oxidative damage increase with age, and are early event in AD pathophysiology and may precede amyloid beta (A\u03b2) plaques. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> probes of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism are therefore crucial to characterize the bioenergetic abnormalities underlying AD risk, and their relationship to pathophysiology and cognition. A majority of the research conducted in humans have used <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-fluoro-deoxygluose (FDG) PET to image cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglc), but key information regarding oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the process which generates 90% of the energy for the brain, cannot be assessed with this method. Thus, there is a crucial need for imaging tools to measure mitochondrial processes and OXPHOS <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in the human brain. <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>Phosphorus-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P-MRS) is a non-invasive method which allows for the measurement of OXPHOS-related high-energy phosphates (HEP), including phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi), in addition to potential of hydrogen (pH), as well as components of phospholipid metabolism, such as phosphomonoesters (PMEs) and phosphodiesters (PDEs). Herein, we provide a systematic review of the existing literature utilizing the <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P-MRS methodology during the normal aging process and in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, with an additional focus on individuals at risk for AD. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the technique, in addition to considering future directions toward validating the use of <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P-MRS measures as biomarkers for the early detection of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1183228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:56:15Z","timestamp":1684392975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Systematic review of 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of brain high energy phosphates and membrane phospholipids in aging and Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Jett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Boneu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Zarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Carlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vibha","family":"Kodancha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Nerattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Battista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silky","family":"Pahlajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Schantel","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Dyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Mosconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.6b00056","article-title":"In vivo imaging of human neuroinflammation","volume":"7","author":"Albrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1174331","article-title":"Energy-efficient action potentials in hippocampal mossy fibers","volume":"325","author":"Alle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12638","article-title":"2022 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures","volume":"18","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Dement."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200207030","article-title":"Mitochondrial targeting and a novel transmembrane arrest of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein impairs mitochondrial function in neuronal cells","volume":"161","author":"Anandatheerthavarada","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1045-y","article-title":"Chronic citicoline increases phosphodiesters in the brains of healthy older subjects: an in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"161","author":"Babb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624330","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.624330","article-title":"PET neuroimaging of Alzheimer's disease: radiotracers and their utility in clinical research","volume":"13","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x","article-title":"Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: importance for cerebral functions","volume":"115","author":"B\u00e9ard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00061-7","article-title":"Mitochondria and the brain: bioenergetics and beyond","volume":"36","author":"Belenguer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.017","article-title":"Sex differences in the association of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele with incidence of dementia, cognitive impairment, and decline","volume":"33","author":"Beydoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01185-3","article-title":"Mitochondrial electron transport chain is necessary for NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"23","author":"Billingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.183.3.1584923","article-title":"Alzheimer dementia: quantification of energy metabolism and mobile phosphoesters with P-31 NMR spectroscopy","volume":"183","author":"Bottomley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/46193","article-title":"What makes ATP synthase spin?","volume":"402","author":"Boyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5789","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245789","article-title":"Comprehensive review on Alzheimer's disease: causes and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Breijyeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.82","article-title":"Perimenopause as a neurological transition state","volume":"11","author":"Brinton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.5.1903","article-title":"Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectra reveal prolonged intracellular acidosis in the brain following subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"91","author":"Brooke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540040046012","article-title":"Altered brain energy metabolism in demented patients with multiple subcortical ischemic lesions. Working hypotheses","volume":"50","author":"Brown","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.11.1423","article-title":"In vivo 31P NMR profiles of Alzheimer's disease and multiple subcortical infarct dementia","volume":"39","author":"Brown","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0132-6","article-title":"Oxidative stress, dysfunctional glucose metabolism and Alzheimer disease","volume":"20","author":"Butterfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e150","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.122","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial DNA mutation on neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"47","author":"Cha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6714","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.11.6714","article-title":"Mitochondrial regulation of phosphocreatine\/inorganic phosphate ratios in exercising human muscle: a gated 31P NMR study","volume":"78","author":"Chance","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14615","article-title":"In vivo molecular imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"149","author":"Chaney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806516106","article-title":"Multimodal neuroimaging provides a highly consistent picture of energy metabolism, validating 31P MRS for measuring brain ATP synthesis","volume":"106","author":"Chaumeil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26663","article-title":"31P magnetization transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy: assessing the activation induced change in cerebral ATP metabolic rates at 3 T","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13982","article-title":"Brain energy metabolism: astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30314-8","article-title":"Amyloid-PET and 18F-FDG-PET in the diagnostic investigation of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias","volume":"19","author":"Ch\u00e9telat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"637","article-title":"\u201cCirculation and energy metabolism of the brain,\u201d","author":"Clarke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects, 6th Edn"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00593373","article-title":"1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of white matter signal hyperintensity areas in elderly subjects","volume":"37","author":"Constans","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10726","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403649101","article-title":"Alzheimer's brains harbor somatic mtDNA control-region mutations that suppress mitochondrial transcription and replication","volume":"101","author":"Coskun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4276-04.2005","article-title":"Copper-dependent inhibition of human cytochrome c oxidase by a dimeric conformer of amyloid-beta1-42","volume":"25","author":"Crouch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540250097018","article-title":"Phospholipid abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease. In vivo phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"52","author":"Cu\u00e9nod","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609517","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.609517","article-title":"Brain NAD Is associated With ATP energy production and membrane phospholipid turnover in humans","volume":"12","author":"Cuenoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0072-x","article-title":"Brain energy rescue: an emerging therapeutic concept for neurodegenerative disorders of ageing","volume":"19","author":"Cunnane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641739","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.641739","article-title":"Phosphate brain energy metabolism and cognition in Alzheimer's disease: a spectroscopy study using whole-brain volume-coil phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7tesla","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00222","article-title":"Relationship of parieto-occipital brain energy phosphate metabolism and cognition using 31P MRS at 7-tesla in amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79977","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079977","article-title":"Early decline in glucose transport and metabolism precedes shift to ketogenic system in female aging and Alzheimer's mouse brain: implication for bioenergetic intervention","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061541","article-title":"Early onset of sex-dependent mitochondrial deficits in the cortex of 3xTg Alzheimer's mice","volume":"9","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10010019","article-title":"In vivo mitochondrial function in idiopathic and genetic Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Dossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21107","article-title":"Efficient in vivo 31P magnetization transfer approach for noninvasively determining multiple kinetic parameters and metabolic fluxes of ATP metabolism in the human brain","volume":"57","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6409","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710766105","article-title":"Tightly coupled brain activity and cerebral ATP metabolic rate","volume":"105","author":"Du","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18670","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006586107","article-title":"Early deficits in synaptic mitochondria in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model","volume":"107","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2013","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200255","article-title":"Association of cardiovascular risk trajectory with cognitive decline and incident dementia","volume":"98","author":"Farnsworth von Cederwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550160069041","article-title":"Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium","volume":"278","author":"Farrer","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0032-9","article-title":"Sex differences in Alzheimer disease - the gateway to precision medicine","volume":"14","author":"Ferretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050921","article-title":"Effects of creatine supplementation on brain function and health","volume":"14","author":"Forbes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1444","article-title":"Age-related changes in brain energetics and phospholipid metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Forester","year":"2010","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2168-8","article-title":"Reduced phospholipid breakdown in Alzheimer's brains: a 31P spectroscopy study","volume":"180","author":"Forlenza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.017","article-title":"Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"26","author":"Gibson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S591","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100336","article-title":"A mitocentric view of Alzheimer's disease suggests multi-faceted treatments","volume":"20","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02735-8","article-title":"Depletion and activation of microglia impact metabolic connectivity of the mouse brain","volume":"20","author":"Gn\u00f6rich","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199603000-00008","article-title":"Quantitative in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of Alzheimer disease","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8940","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0026-12.2012","article-title":"Oxidative phosphorylation, not glycolysis, powers presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms underlying brain information processing","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00520-w","article-title":"Developing the ATX(N) classification for use across the Alzheimer disease continuum","volume":"17","author":"Hampel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114479","article-title":"Emerging methods and applications of ultra-high field MR spectroscopic imaging in the human brain","volume":"638","author":"Hangel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709069","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"217","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.029","article-title":"Integrative biology of exercise","volume":"159","author":"Hawley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-022-00914-x","article-title":"[F]ROStrace detects oxidative stress in vivo and predicts progression of Alzheimer's disease pathology in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"12","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70291-0","article-title":"Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer's disease: an updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Jack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22087","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26573-5","article-title":"Sex and menopause impact 31P-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy brain mitochondrial function in association with 11C-PiB PET amyloid-beta load","volume":"12","author":"Jett","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0281302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281302","article-title":"Effects of sex and APOE \u03b54 genotype on brain mitochondrial high-energy phosphates in midlife individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease: a 31Phosphorus MR spectroscopy study","volume":"18","author":"Jett","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831807","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.831807","article-title":"Endogenous and exogenous estrogen exposures: how women's reproductive health can drive brain aging and inform Alzheimer's prevention","volume":"14","author":"Jett","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9913-1","article-title":"H MRS spectroscopy in preclinical autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease","volume":"13","author":"Joe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041505","article-title":"Lipids and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"21","author":"Kao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(96)00035-8","article-title":"Quantitative 1H and 31P MRS of PCA extracts of postmortem Alzheimer's disease brain","volume":"17","author":"Klunk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2018.06.001","article-title":"Pros and cons of ultra-high-field MRI\/MRS for human application","volume":"109","author":"Ladd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00493","article-title":"Metabolic reprograming of microglia in the regulation of the innate inflammatory response","volume":"11","author":"Lauro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198709000-00013","article-title":"Brain oxidative phosphorylation following alteration in head position in preterm and term neonates","volume":"22","author":"Lawson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here?","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.185.2.1410369","article-title":"Human focal cerebral ischemia: evaluation of brain pH and energy metabolism with P-31 NMR spectroscopy","volume":"185","author":"Levine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05292","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"443","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.001","article-title":"Alzheimer disease: an update on pathobiology and treatment strategies","volume":"179","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1940060109","article-title":"Quantitative 31P MRS of the normal adult human brain. Assessment of interindividual differences and ageing effects","volume":"6","author":"Longo","year":"1993","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323894","article-title":"In vivo neuroinflammation and cerebral small vessel disease in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"92","author":"Low","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100916","article-title":"Inflammation and cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Low","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.035","article-title":"A cellular perspective on brain energy metabolism and functional imaging","volume":"86","author":"Magistretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl066","article-title":"Mitochondria are a direct site of A beta accumulation in Alzheimer's disease neurons: implications for free radical generation and oxidative damage in disease progression","volume":"15","author":"Manczak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120166","article-title":"Mapping of hippocampal pH and neurochemicals from in vivo multi-voxel 31P study in healthy normal young male\/female, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"31","author":"Mandal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1886","article-title":"Ageing and neuronal vulnerability","volume":"7","author":"Mattson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)80203-9","article-title":"In vivo hippocampal P NMR metabolites in Alzheimer's disease and ageing","volume":"12","author":"Mecheri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4246","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4246","article-title":"P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in skeletal muscle: experts' consensus recommendations","volume":"34","author":"Meyerspeer","year":"2020","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S37929","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: assessing sex and gender differences","volume":"6","author":"Mielke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.12.003","article-title":"N-acetylaspartate in the CNS: from neurodiagnostics to neurobiology","volume":"81","author":"Moffett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.1.89","article-title":"A gender difference in the association between APOE genotype and age-related cognitive decline","volume":"57","author":"Mortensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-005-1762-7","article-title":"Brain glucose metabolism in the early and specific diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. FDG-PET studies in MCI and AD","volume":"32","author":"Mosconi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90084-y","article-title":"Menopause impacts human brain structure, connectivity, energy metabolism, and amyloid-beta deposition","volume":"11","author":"Mosconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193314","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193314","article-title":"Correction: perimenopause and emergence of an Alzheimer's bioenergetic phenotype in brain and periphery","volume":"13","author":"Mosconi","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004425","article-title":"Sex differences in Alzheimer risk: brain imaging of endocrine vs chronologic aging","volume":"89","author":"Mosconi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19067","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705036104","article-title":"Maternal family history of Alzheimer's disease predisposes to reduced brain glucose metabolism","volume":"104","author":"Mosconi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0207885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207885","article-title":"Increased Alzheimer's risk during the menopause transition: a 3-year longitudinal brain imaging study","volume":"13","author":"Mosconi","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914141107","article-title":"Increased fibrillar amyloid-{beta} burden in normal individuals with a family history of late-onset Alzheimer's","volume":"107","author":"Mosconi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820170019003","article-title":"An in vivo study of phosphorus and glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and PET","volume":"50","author":"Murphy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1671","article-title":"Evidence for a membrane defect in Alzheimer disease brain","volume":"89","author":"Nitsch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.027","article-title":"Neurometabolites and associations with cognitive deficits in mild cognitive impairment: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7 Tesla","volume":"73","author":"Oeltzschner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.01.003","article-title":"Transdiagnostic in vivo magnetic resonance imaging markers of neuroinflammation","volume":"7","author":"Oestreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2022.100121","article-title":"Phosphorus metabolism in the brain of cognitively normal midlife individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2","author":"Parasoglou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Rep."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.8.1302","article-title":"Cytochrome oxidase deficiency in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"40","author":"Parker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510410028015","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease, apolipoprotein E4, and gender","volume":"271","author":"Payami","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Peeters","year":"2021","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4169"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14585","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: role in pathogenesis and novel therapeutic opportunities","volume":"176","author":"Perez Ortiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity","volume":"256","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011603916962","article-title":"Brain membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"26","author":"Pettegrew","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(94)90152-X","article-title":"Alterations of cerebral metabolism in probable Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary study","volume":"15","author":"Pettegrew","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520340047010","article-title":"Correlation of phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphologic findings in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"45","author":"Pettegrew","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.4\/cepperson","article-title":"Considering sex and gender in Alzheimer disease and other dementias","volume":"18","author":"Podcasy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7263","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137263","article-title":"Neuroimaging methods to map in vivo changes of OXPHOS and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"23","author":"Prasuhn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04183.2001","article-title":"Increased lipid peroxidation precedes amyloid plaque formation in an animal model of Alzheimer amyloidosis","volume":"21","author":"Pratic\u00f2","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.10","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities, cognitive impairment and dementia: an update","volume":"11","author":"Prins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamaneurol.286","article-title":"Posterior cingulate glucose metabolism, hippocampal glucose metabolism, and hippocampal volume in cognitively normal, late-middle-aged persons at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimer disease","volume":"70","author":"Protas","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2006.08.002","article-title":"In vivo 31P MRS of human brain at high\/ultrahigh fields: a quantitative comparison of NMR detection sensitivity and spectral resolution between 4 T and 7 T","volume":"24","author":"Qiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1159\/000073509","article-title":"Brain bioenergetics and cognitive ability","volume":"25","author":"Rae","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00315","article-title":"Sex and gender driven modifiers of alzheimer's: the role for estrogenic control across age, race, medical and lifestyle risks","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e166","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009781","article-title":"Sex-driven modifiers of Alzheimer risk: a multimodality brain imaging study","volume":"95","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.008","article-title":"Two views of brain function","volume":"14","author":"Raichle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh140","article-title":"Gene expression profiles of transcripts in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice: up-regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and apoptotic genes is an early cellular change in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Reddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.061509598","article-title":"Declining brain activity in cognitively normal apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 heterozygotes: a foundation for using positron emission tomography to efficiently test treatments to prevent Alzheimer's disease","volume":"98","author":"Reiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2635903100","article-title":"Functional brain abnormalities in young adults at genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer's dementia","volume":"101","author":"Reiman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8299","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500579102","article-title":"Correlations between apolipoprotein E \u03b54 gene dose and brain-imaging measurements of regional hypometabolism","volume":"102","author":"Reiman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4511","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4511","article-title":"P-MRS of the healthy human brain at 7 T detects multiple hexose derivatives of uridine diphosphate glucose","volume":"34","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.03.012","article-title":"Age, APOE and sex: triad of risk of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"160","author":"Riedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2021.11.006","article-title":"Energy metabolism measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the healthy human brain","volume":"49","author":"Rietzler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0286-2","article-title":"The medical food Souvenaid affects brain phospholipid metabolism in mild Alzheimer's disease: results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Rijpma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.031","article-title":"Altered brain high-energy phosphate metabolism in mild Alzheimer's disease: a 3-dimensional P MR spectroscopic imaging study","volume":"18","author":"Rijpma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.01.026","article-title":"Associations between amyloid \u03b2 and white matter hyperintensities: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Roseborough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Dement."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70020786.x","article-title":"Phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes in Alzheimer's disease: increased lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity and decreased phospholipase A2 activity","volume":"70","author":"Ross","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(96)00011-4","article-title":"Metabolic control and metabolic capacity: two aspects of creatine kinase functioning in the cells","volume":"1274","author":"Saks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805126","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2021.805126","article-title":"The complicated nature of somatic mtDNA mutations in aging","volume":"2","author":"Sanchez-Contreras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.101967","article-title":"Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging (31P-MRS\/MRSI) as a window to brain and muscle metabolism: a review of the methods","volume":"60","author":"Santos-D\u00edaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.183.1.1549681","article-title":"Alterations in brain phosphorus metabolite concentrations associated with areas of high signal intensity in white matter at MR imaging","volume":"183","author":"Sappey-Marinier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2328","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012941","article-title":"Association of reproductive history with brain MRI biomarkers of dementia risk in midlife","volume":"97","author":"Schelbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-121189","article-title":"Efficacy of Souvenaid in mild Alzheimer's disease: results from a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Scheltens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers. Dis."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12514","article-title":"Effects of aging on the human brain: a proton and phosphorus MR spectroscopy study at 3T","volume":"28","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.558163","article-title":"Normal cortical energy metabolism in migrainous stroke: a 31P-MR spectroscopy study","volume":"40","author":"Schulz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225392","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225392","article-title":"Evidence in support of chromosomal sex influencing plasma based metabolome vs APOE genotype influencing brain metabolome profile in humanized APOE male and female mice","volume":"15","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3233\/BSI-200194","article-title":"MR spectroscopy in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Sheikh-Bahaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Spectrosc. Imaging"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.10.018","article-title":"31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure in vivo cardiac energetics in normal myocardium and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: experiences at 3T","volume":"73","author":"Shivu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1281","article-title":"Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"21","author":"Silveri","year":"2008","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103244","article-title":"Pharmacological advances in mitochondrial therapy","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBio Med."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(93)90026-8","article-title":"31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Alzheimer's and Pick's disease","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380211","article-title":"Frontal lobe phosphorus metabolism and neuropsychological function in aging and in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.08.004","article-title":"Sex biology contributions to vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease: a think tank convened by the Women's Alzheimer's Research Initiative","volume":"12","author":"Snyder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Dement."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e950","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008864","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities and CSF Alzheimer disease biomarkers in preclinical Alzheimer disease","volume":"94","author":"Soldan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101503","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and metabolic alterations in the progression of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies","volume":"72","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.241","article-title":"Preclinical Alzheimer disease-the challenges ahead","volume":"9","author":"Sperling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01687.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease: common links","volume":"260","author":"Stampfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00009-X","article-title":"Psychosis in Alzheimer disease: postmortem magnetic resonance spectroscopy evidence of excess neuronal and membrane phospholipid pathology","volume":"23","author":"Sweet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170585","article-title":"Mitochondria and mitochondrial cascades in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"62","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers. Dis."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.918","article-title":"Cybrids in Alzheimer's disease: a cellular model of the disease?","volume":"49","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00476-7","article-title":"New frontiers in Alzheimer's disease genetics","volume":"32","author":"Tanzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1592","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009249","article-title":"In vivo mitochondrial and glycolytic impairments in patients with Alzheimer disease","volume":"94","author":"Terada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00448-1","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex I abnormalities is associated with tau and clinical symptoms in mild Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Terada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010174","article-title":"Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P MRS) and cardiovascular disease: the importance of energy","volume":"59","author":"Tsampasian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2017.01.018","article-title":"In-vivo P-MRS of skeletal muscle and liver: a way for non-invasive assessment of their metabolism","volume":"529","author":"Valkovi\u010d","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-019-0529-4","article-title":"Measuring inorganic phosphate and intracellular pH in the healthy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hearts by in vivo 7T P-cardiovascular magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"21","author":"Valkovi\u010d","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00232","article-title":"Triad of risk for late onset Alzheimer's: mitochondrial haplotype, APOE genotype and chromosomal sex","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65402-5","article-title":"Midlife chronological and endocrinological transitions in brain metabolism: system biology basis for increased Alzheimer's risk in female brain","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0462fje","article-title":"An increase in the myocardial PCr\/ATP ratio in GLUT4 null mice","volume":"16","author":"Weiss","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E384","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1348","article-title":"Memantine prevents hypoglycemia-induced decrements of the cerebral energy status in healthy subjects","volume":"96","author":"Willenborg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.JNS09915","article-title":"Intracellular free magnesium of brain and cerebral phosphorus-containing metabolites after subarachnoid hemorrhage and hypermagnesemic treatment: a 31P\u2013magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"113","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical article. J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe5640","article-title":"Microglial activation states drive glucose uptake and FDG-PET alterations in neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021788","article-title":"2-Deoxy-D-glucose treatment induces ketogenesis, sustains mitochondrial function, and reduces pathology in female mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"6","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.001","article-title":"Ovarian hormone loss induces bioenergetic deficits and mitochondrial beta-amyloid","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14670","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903563106","article-title":"Mitochondrial bioenergetic deficit precedes Alzheimer's pathology in female mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"106","author":"Yao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12845","article-title":"Nutritional metabolism and cerebral bioenergetics in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias","volume":"19","author":"Yassine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Dement"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.013","article-title":"The perimenopausal aging transition in the female rat brain: decline in bioenergetic systems and synaptic plasticity","volume":"36","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739130","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.739130","article-title":"PET imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03830-w","article-title":"Alzheimer's pathogenic mechanisms and underlying sex difference","volume":"78","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2018.05.005","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of brain energy metabolisms and neuroenergetics using in vivo X-nuclear 2H, 17O and 31P MRS at ultra-high field","volume":"292","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4492","article-title":"[F]FDG PET signal is driven by astroglial glutamate transport","volume":"20","author":"Zimmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1183228\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:56:19Z","timestamp":1684392979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1183228\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"references-count":168,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1183228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1183228","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"article-number":"1183228"}}